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Workington

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Coordinates: 54°38′11″N 3°33′18″W / 54.6365°N 3.5549°W / 54.6365; -3.5549

Workington
Workington is located in Cumbria
Workington

Workington shown within Cumbria
Population 45,975
OS grid reference NX996279
 - London 259 miles (417 km) SE
District Allerdale
Shire county Cumbria
Region North West
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town WORKINGTON
Postcode district CA14 & CA95
Dialling code 01900 & 01946
Police Cumbria
Fire Cumbria
Ambulance North West
European Parliament North West England
UK Parliament Workington
List of places: UK • England • Cumbria

Workington is a large town and port on the west coast of Cumbria, England at the mouth of the River Derwent[1]. Lying within the borough of Allerdale, Workington is 32 miles (51.5 km) southwest of Carlisle, 7 miles (11.3 km) west of Cockermouth, and 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Maryport.

Historically a part of Cumberland, the area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, steel and high grade iron ore.

Workington is the seat of Allerdale Borough Council, which is one of three borough councils in Cumbria and has a population of around 45,975, making it the third largest urban area in Cumbria. Tony Cunningham is the local MP for the constituency of the same name that includes other towns in the hinterland of Workington.

Workington is twinned with Selm in Germany and Val-de-Reuil in France.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Origin and spelling of the name Workington

The name Workington, is derived from three Anglo-Saxon words; Weorc or Werc (a man's name), ingas (people) and ton (settlement/estate/enclosure/)[2]. The settlers were a group of people whose leader called himself Weorc. It's an unusual name but not unknown, Worksop is another place based on the same name. Over a thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of the land would have called themselves Weorcingas (Weorc's people) and the settlement Weorcinga tun (estate of the Weorcingas). Other local place names with similar origins are Harrington, Distington and Frizington.[3]

The Old English name Weorc is defined as accomplishment, achievement, act, action, deed, labour, measure, move, work,[4] possibly work linked to a fortification[5]. In Old English, weorc is a noun and wyrcan the verb[6]

The spelling of the town's name has varied over the centuries: c1100 Wirchington; c1150 Wirchingetona; c1150 Wirchintona; c1190 Wirkeinton; c1240 Wirgington; 1278 Wyrkinton; 1297 Wyrkington; 1298 Wirkington; 1300 Wirkinton;[7] 1350 Workyngton; Maps show the following spellings: 1569 Woork-kington[8]; 1573 Wynkinton; 1576 Wyrkenton; 1599 Wirkinton; 1607 Wirkinton; 1611 Werkinton; 1628 Wirkinton; 1695 Werkinton; 1695 Wirkinton; 1701 Workinton; 1724 Workington; 1741 Workington; 1744 Workington.[9][10]

Over a period of 900 years, the town’s name has been written at least 16 different ways. However, the letters wknton are always present. This is understandable, because for most of our history, ordinary community members were neither able to read nor write, and few communications were ever written down. The spellings in historic documents were often decided by visitors, especially officials, monks and later mapmakers (cartographers), who wrote down the names as they believed they had been spoken to them. Due to the sheer physical difficulties involved in map-making, people frequently lifted material from earlier works, without either checking accuracy or giving credit to the original cartographer.

So, Weorc has been spelled as Wirch, Wirke, Wirg, Wyrk, Wirk, Wirc, Werk, Woork and Work[11]. Weorc is the West Saxon form of the name, and therefore the Old English form that most language experts would quote, because the centre of power and literacy was in the southwest at the time of the Danish wars. The 'eo' letters in Weorc can confuse people, but for pronunciation purposes the 'o' may be ignored, but it can help when trying to produce a strong rolling r sound. Anglo-Saxons would have strongly pronounced the r. Today, when speaking in dialect, locals say they come from Wukitun or Wuki'n, with the emphasis on Wuk.

In 1533, John Leland (antiquary) believed the town derived its name from the River Wyre. But, the River Wyre has its origins at Ellerbeck, Hunday and Distington and actually enters the Solway at Harrington[12]. In 1688, William Camden quotes Leland, writing that the Wyre “…falls into the Derwent at Clifton…’’[13], but it does not.

[edit] Roman Times

Between AD79-122, Roman forts, mile-forts and watchtowers are established down the Cumbrian coast.[14] They act as coastal defences against attack by the Caledonii, the strongest inhabitants of what we now call Scotland. [15] Gabrosentum fort, known today as Burrows Walls, is established on the north bank of the mouth of the River Derwent, near present day Siddick pond and Northside. Another fort or watchtower would have been on How Michael to the south side of the river, near present day Chapel bank. [16] In AD122, the Romans begin building Hadrian wall from the Bowness on the Solway Firth to Wallsend. The name Gabrosentum or Gabrocentio has its origins in the Welsh or Ancient British ‘gafr’ meaning ‘he goat’ and the word ‘hynt’ (‘set’ in Old Irish) meaning ‘path’.[17]

[edit] Mary Queen of Scots (1568)

After the defeat of her forces at the Battle of Langside and disguised as an ordinary woman, Mary, Queen of Scots[18] crosses the Solway Firth and lands at Workington. She spends her first night in England as an honoured guest in Workington Hall . On 18 May 1568, Mary is escorted to Carlisle Castle after spending a day at Cockermouth. Mary is 25 years old. [19]

[edit] William Camden's Britannia (1586)

In 1577, William Camden began to write his book Britannia, a county-by-county description of Great Britain and Ireland. Rather than write a history, Camden wanted to describe in detail the lands of the present (1577). His stated intention was "to restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britaine to its antiquity." Written in Latin and first published in 1586 it was very popular. [20], .

This extract from Philemon Holland's English translation of Britannia(1610)[21] describes Wirkinton:

...Derwent, having gathered his waters into one streame, entreth into the Ocean at Wirkinton, a place famous for taking of Salmons, and now the seat of the ancient family of the Curwens Knights, who fetch their descent from Gospatric Earle of Northumberland, and their surname they tooke by covenant and composition from Culwen a family in Galloway, the heire whereof they had married; and heere have they a stately house built Castlelike, and from whom (without offence or vanity be it spoken) my selfe am descended by the mothers side.

From thence some thinke there was a wall made to defend the shore in convenient places, for foure miles or there about, by Stilicho the potent commander of the Roman state, what time as the Scots annoyed these coasts out of Ireland. For thus speaketh Britaine of herselfe in Claudian:

"And of me likewise at hands (quoth she) to perish, through despight

Of neighbour Nations, Stilicho fensed against their might

What time the Scots all Ireland mov’d offense armes to take."

There are also, as yet, such continued ruins and broken walles to be seene as farre as to Elne Mouth...

[22]

[edit] Education

Key education developments include: Patricius Curwen's school on High Street (1664-1813), becoming the 'National' school in Portland Square (est. 1813), Wilson Charity School (1831-1967) on Guard Street which became the Higher Standard Council School (locally called 'Guard Street', St John's School (1860-) on John Street, St Michael's School (1860- date), Lawrence Street School (Marshside) (1874-1979), Victoria School, Northside School (1878-1977), Siddick School (1902-1967), Seaton School,[23] Bridgefoot School, Westfield School, Moorclose School (1967-1984), Newlands School (1909-1984), Workington School Grammar School/Technical and Secondary School (1912-1984) , Lillyhall School at Distington (1961-84), Distington School, St Joseph School (1929-date), Derwent Vale School at Great Clifton, Ashfield School, Salterbeck School (1961-1981), Southfield School (1984-date) [24], Stainburn School (1984-date), Beckstone Primary School at Harrington.

[edit] Geography

Workington is bounded on the west by the Irish Sea and on the north by the River Derwent. Workington is made up of various districts, many of which are housing estates. These include:Barepot, Northside, Stainburn, Derwent Howe, Ashfield, Banklands, Frostoms (Annie Pit), Port and Oldside, Mossbay, Moorclose, Salterbeck, Seaton, Bridgefoot, Lillyhall, Harrington, High Harrington, Clay Flatts, Kerry Park, Westfield and Great Clifton. The Marsh and Quay[25], a large working class area of the town around the docks and a major part of the town's history was demolished in the early 1980s. Much of the former area of the Marsh is now covered by Clay Flatts industrial estate.

[edit] Economy

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[edit] Iron and steel

The Cumbria iron ore field lies to the south of Workington, and produced extremely high grade phosphorus-free haematite. The area had a long tradition of iron smelting, but this became particularly important with the invention of the Bessemer process by Sir Henry Bessemer, the first process for mass production of steel, which previously had been an expensive specialist product. For the first 25 years of the process, until Gilchrist and Thomas improved it, it required phosphorus-free haematite. With Cumbria as the world's premier source of this, and the local coalfield also available for steel production, the world's first large-scale steel works was opened in the Moss Bay area of the town. The Bessemer converter continued to work until 1977, the world's first and last commercially operating Bessemer converter. The Moss Bay steel works were themselves closed in 1982, despite having received significant infrastructural investment and improvement almost immediately prior to the closure.

During World War II, a strategically vital electric steel furnace crucial to producing steel for aircraft engine ball bearings was relocated to Workington from Norway to prevent it falling into Axis hands.

Workington was the home of Distington Engineering Company (DEC) the engineering arm of British Steel Corporation (BSC), which specialised in the design of continuous casting equipment. DEC, known to the local people as "Chapel Bank" had an engineering design office, engineering workshops and a foundry, that at one time contained 6 of the 7 electric arc furnaces built in Workington. The 7th was situated at the Moss Bay plant of BSC. In the 1970s as BSC adapted to a more slipstreamed approach to the metals industry the engineering design company was separated from the workshops and foundry and re-designated as Distington Engineering Contracting. Employing some 200 people its primary purpose was the design, manufacture, installation and commissioning of continuous casting machines.

One offshoot of the steel industry was the production of steel railway rails. Workington rails were widely exported and a common local phrase was that Workington rails 'held the world together'. Originally made from Bessemer steel, following the closure of the Moss Bay steel works (ending actual steel production in Workington), steel for the plant was brought by rail from Teesside. The plant was closed in August 2006, the final end for Workington's long and proud association with the steel works. (Although welding work on rails produced at Corus' French plant in Hayange continued at Workington for two years after its official closure, as the Scunthorpe site proved initially incapable of producing rails adequately).

[edit] After coal and steel

The two industries Workington was built on, coal and steel, having vanished from the town, has led to Workington (as with the whole of West Cumbria) being something of an unemployment blackspot. Industries which exist in the town today include chemicals, cardboard, the docks (originally built by the United Steel Co. and with a seemingly continually shaky future), waste management and a relatively novel industry, recycling old computers for export, mainly to more impoverished countries. The town also contains the British Cattle Movement Service, a government agency set to oversee the U.K. beef and dairy industry following the BSE crisis in Britain. It is located in former steelworks offices. Many Workington residents are employed outside the town in the nuclear industry located in and around Sellafield, West Cumbria's dominant employment sector. None of the nuclear industry is located in Workington itself; much of it is based around Whitehaven.

[edit] Vehicles

Workington formerly manufactured 'Railbus' and 'Sprinter' type commuter trains and Leyland National buses. The Leyland National was based on an Italian design, which included an air conditioning unit mounted in a pod on top of the roof of the bus at the rear. Adapting the design for Britain, Leyland replaced the air conditioning unit with a heating unit. However, as hot air rises, much of the heat generated by the heaters was wasted as it escaped out of the top (most vehicle heaters are located low down in the vehicle). This design flaw in the National bus became infamous in certain circles.

The 'Railbus' trains were based on the National bus design, designed as a cheap stopgap by British Rail. This initiative led to Workington's brief history of train manufacturing, the buses already being built there. They are generally considered a poor design, and are very uncomfortable to ride especially on less-than-perfectly-smooth rail lines, as the carriages tend to jump about much more than most trains. This is due to the fact that they are not equipped with proper train bogies, but have two single axles per carriage (each train consists of two carriages), a cost-cutting design feature which when they have been worked on some lines has also caused problems with rounding tight-radius corners. Some industry experts have also raised significant doubts about their level of safety compared to other commuter train types, such as the Sprinter.

The former bus plant, located in Lillyhall, is now a depot for the Eddie Stobart road haulage company.

[edit] Transport

Workington is linked by the A596 road to Maryport and (via the A595 road) to Whitehaven, and by the A66 road to Cockermouth, the M6 motorway, Penrith and County Durham.

The town has bus connections to other towns and villages in West Cumbria, Penrith, Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness.

The rail connection provided by the Cumbrian Coast Line to Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness, with occasional through trains to Newcastle, Lancaster and Preston.

The nearest airports are Newcastle, Manchester and Glasgow which can be reached by road and rail.

The Coast to Coast Walk begins in West Cumbria, on the shores of the Irish Sea. People choose to begin at St Bees, Whitehaven or Workington. The route then crosses the coastal plain, the Lake District, the Pennines and the North York Moors, and ends on the North Sea coast at Robin Hood's Bay in Yorkshire. Some walkers however, start from the east coast, preferring to have the Lake District as the climax of their walk. The cycling alternative, the Sea to Sea Cycle Route, may also begin in the surf at Workington's sea shore. The Reiver's Route passes through the town. West Cumbria is an interesting diversion from the Cumbria Cycle Way.

[edit] Cultural Festivals

[edit] Seaton and Moss Bay Carnivals

[edit] Paint the town red

In 2008, The Paint Your Town Red Festival invited Liverpool comic and actor Ricky Tomlinson, to top the bill. Described as 'The biggest free festival in Workington’s history', it welcomes everyone adopting red as their colour for the day. A special atmosphere is created as all town centre shops extend opening hours. The 2008 festival included a free children’s fun fair in Vulcan Park and stage and street entertainnment. Soul legend, Jimmy James and his Soul Explosion, were the big name to perform. Keswick’s 'Cars of the Stars' Museum, provided a cavalcade mini cars with a stunt driving display. Appearances by famous cars like Herbie the Beetle, the Back to the Future De Lorean and Kit from Knightrider of the 1980, made the day special for old and young. Dearham Band and the all-girl band Irresistible also made an impressive appearance.

[edit] Sports

[edit] Uppies and Downies

Workington is home to the ball game known as Uppies and Downies, a traditional version of football, with its origins in Medieval football, Mob football or an even earlier form[26]. An Uppies and Downies ball is made from four pieces of cow leather. It is 21 inches round and weighs about two and a half pounds. Only three, hand-made balls are produced every year and each is dated[27]. Players from outside Workington do take part, especially fellow West Cumbrians from Whitehaven and Maryport. Like much of the town's sporting history, some of the best, and most accurate records, are to be found in the local newspapers, The Evening Star and The West Cumberland Times and Star.

[edit] Football

Workington has a non-League and former professional football team, Workington A.F.C. known by everyone as the 'Reds', currently playing in the Conference North.

[edit] Rugby

The local professional rugby league team are former Challenge Cup winners Workington Town.

[edit] Golf

Workington's first golf club was formed in 1893 and played north of the River Derwent near Siddick. Known as West Cumberland Golf Club, it used this nine hole course until the First World War when it closed. After the war the club reformed as Workington Golf Club and moved to the present Hunday location. Five-times Open Champion and renowned course architect James Braid was consulted on the layout. Considered 'one of the premier courses in Cumbria' it has been influenced by FG Hawtree[28][29] during the 1950s and by Howard Swan today[30]. Annual club championships are staged.

[edit] Speedway

Workington Comets are the town's professional speedway team[31], which competes in the British Speedway Premier League[32].

Before World War II racing was staged at Lonsdale Park, which was next to Borough Park, on the banks of the River Derwent. The sport did not return to the town until 1970, when it was introduced to Derwent Park by local entrepreneur Paul Sharp and Ian Thomas who is the present team manager (2009). In 1987, Derwent Park was a temporary home to the Glasgow Tigers (speedway) who briefly became the Workington Tigers prior to their withdrawal from the League. Speedway returned to Workington[33] and the team has operated with varying degrees of success, but in 2008, they won the Young Shield[34] and the Premier League Four-Team and Pairs Championships. An Academy team under the banner of Northside Stars, develops young riders who show potential at the Northside training track and may make future first teams[35].

[edit] Angling

Workington and District Sea Angling Club takes part in regular monthly matches . It meets every month in the Union Jack Club, Senhouse Street, Workington. It also arranges tuition for its anglers[36]. Freshwater anglers are active on local rivers, especially the River Derwent[37].

[edit] Athletics

Workington offers opportunities for track and field, triathlon, road running, cross-country, fell running and orienteering. All of its schools and clubs are affiliated to the Cumbria Athletics Association[38], except orienteering which is organised through its own national federation[39]. Athletes tend to join clubs which concentrate on their particular discipline. Cumberland Fell Runners [40]; Cumberland Athletics Club[41]; Derwent and West Cumberland AC; Seaton Athletics Club; Workington Zebras AC and West Cumberland Orienteering Club[42] are the most popular at present.

Primary schools have a well organised inter-school programme[43]. Secondary schools focus especially on the Allerdale District School's Championships, which lead on to the Cumbria Schools Championships. The results of Cumbria's championships guide selection of the county teams to compete in the English Schools Athletic Association Championships. Over the years, Workington athletes have earned English Schools Championship honours.

[edit] Motorcycle Road Riding

There is a Cumbria Coalition of Motorcycle Clubs[44]. The West Cumbrian motorcycle club, The Roadburners [45], was established 20 years ago and regularly attends local and national motorbike rallies, and charity road runs. It welcomes new members interested in multi cylinder machines[46]. The National Chopper Club also has local members[47].

[edit] Notable people

[edit] Regeneration

[edit] Town centre re-development

Workington Clock

In 2006, Washington Square, the new £50 million town shopping centre was opened. It replaced the run down St John's Arcade, built in the 1960 and 70s with a modern 275,000 sq ft retail-led mixed use complex[56][57]. In 2007, The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors named Washington Square as the 'best commercial project' in the north west of England. Their award acknowledged that "The Washington Square development has radically transformed Workington town centre. The development is a massive improvement on the 1960's town centre. The transformation is impressive and the development has succeeded in one of its main objectives in making Workington a major shopping destination within the region, attracting a number of major high street retailers to the town. In short it has changed the face of Workington."[58] The square's designers Harrison's also won the Business Insider's Project of The Year (Retail/Leisure) award, because 'the Workington scheme has been transformational and Harrison deserves great credit for its bravery.' The judges felt that 'the challenge that was overcome in Workington was altogether greater than the other projects.' [58][59]

Among the centre's main attractions are a new Debenhams, Next, River Island, HMV and Costa Coffee.

[edit] Public Art

New pieces of public art have been installed in the town centre:

  • The Glass Canopies[60] by Alexander Beleschenko
  • The Coastline [61] by Simon Hitchens[2]
  • The Hub [62] by BASE Structures and Illustrious
  • The Grilles of the Central Car Park[63] by Tom Lomax, St Patrick's Primary School[64] and Alan Dawson [65].
  • Central Way Public Toilets[66] by Paul Scott and Robert Drake.
  • The Lookout Clock [67] by Andy Plant.

There are still a lot of empty shops in the new town centre. The council have been criticized for not doing more to help small local businesses out, they seem more inclined to get the big named chains into the town at the expense of losing the local businesses who have been in the town for years, many fear that with the loss of the small local businesses, that the town will become a clone town center of other shopping areas all over the country.

While successful efforts have been made to find appropriate local names for the major streets of the new shopping centre[68][69], the initial 'planning' title of Washington Square has been retained. Another concern involves the use of the name Washington, an Anglo-Saxon word meaning the settlement of the people of 'Wash' for the new square in Workington, which means settlement of the people of 'Weorc'. A renaming or rebranding of the new development may be necessary[70].

[edit] The Cloffolks

Early criticism of the town centre regeneration scheme, focused on the demands for a large supermarket in or near the town centre. Planning permission for the erection of a Tesco Extra store on the Cloffolks has been passed by Allerdale Borough Council.[71]

As the Cloffocks are considered to be common recreational land and the venue for the annual Uppies and Downies games, the decision has met with very mixed responses from the community[72]. 'Some think Tesco will be a good thing and some think it will kill off the town centre and centuries old Uppies and Downies.'[73][74][75]

Save Our Cloffocks campaigners have made a fourth attempt to register the area as a town green. The application is being assessed by the county council’s legal department, which might seek the advice of a planning inspector. Three previous applications have been rejected but since then the government’s Commons Act (2006) has become law[76].

The local newspaper reported that Uppies and Downies veterans believe that if the ancient rights of the people of Workington are threatened 'it will take a squad of riot police, with the army in support, if an attempt is made to stop the traditional mass football game being played on The Cloffocks in Workington.' While a Tesco spokesman said: 'We are neutral on Uppies and Downies; it is not in our remit to either allow or to stop the games. There will be plenty of room in 2009 for the game to pass through and over our car park, but we will take steps to protect our property then and we will be warning our customers who might park on the days the game is being played.'[77]

Some locals have suggested Uppies and Downies moves to the northern bank of the River Derwent, Curwen Park and Mill field, but Workington Regeneration plans may threaten such a move.[78]

[edit] Curwen Park

The planning approval for the new Tesco Extra store has raised fresh fears among locals that more green spaces set aside for recreation are under threat.[79]

Workington Regeneration and Cumbria County Council, have plans to build a road through Workington’s historic Curwen Park to ease traffic congestion through the town centre. As with similar plans in the 1980s and 1990s, non-violent direct action was promised by those opposed to the Council plans. Workington MP Tony Cunningham vowed, 'I have said I would be prepared to lie down in front of bulldozers to stop a road through the main part of the park and I stand by that' He went on, 'The environmental impact of such a road would be enormous. It would not only despoil a beautiful part of Workington, it would create a bypass that we do not need.'[80]

If it is built, the road would be an extension of the A596, connect with the proposed southern link bypass of Harrington and Salterbeck. Just like the Council's 'preferred route' in the 1980s and 1990s, the road would run under the escarpment which overlooks the park, linking the roundabouts at Stainburn School and Calva Brow and split Curwen Park from Millfield[81][82][83].

A much shorter and less controversial route is possible, which would form a loop between Workington Hall and the Ramsey Brow magistrates' court building. Mr Cunningham said he would not rule out the shorter route[80]. The southern, shorter route may necessitate the demolition of the Henry Curwen public house and the magistrates' court, thus allowing for the remodelling of Curwen Square area. [84]

One of the aims of Workington Regeneration is to connect the new commercial heart with the old town around Portland Square and the Cumbria County Council consultants’ report said: 'Realistically, this can only be achieved by reducing traffic on Washington Street and making it more pedestrian friendly.'[80]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Workington Cumbria". Visitcumbria.com. http://www.visitcumbria.com/wc/workton.htm. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  2. ^ Matthews CM (1974), How Place Names Began, Lutterworth, ISBN 0-7188-2006-1, pages 170-171.
  3. ^ Lee Joan (1998), The Place Names of Cumbria, Heritage Services, Carlisle, 0-905404-70-X, Page 93.
  4. ^ "weorc". Websters-dictionary-online.org. http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/translation/Old+english/weorc. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  5. ^ Reaney PH (1976) A Dictionary of British Surnames, Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7100-8106-5, p392
  6. ^ "The Oxford history of English - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=UcM7sN3idSgC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=weorc&source=bl&ots=ueV0cOInXM&sig=Scly8ZaH0ijEXVsdWGMCj4aJboM&hl=en&ei=fcYRSsuHDtTRjAfq9PCwBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  7. ^ Armstrong AM, Mawer A, Stenton FM, Dickens Bruce (1952), The Place-Names of Cumberland, English Place-Name Society, Vol XXII Part III, Page 480.
  8. ^ Byers Richard (1998), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from Earliest Times to AD 1865, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth, Pages 121 and 134.
  9. ^ Higham, John (1997), The Antique County Maps of Cumberland, Bookcase Pub, Carlisle. 0-951992-08-0
  10. ^ "The evolution of the word 'Workington'". workington.wikia.com. http://workington.wikia.com/wiki/Origins. Retrieved on 2009-07-04. 
  11. ^ Lee, Joan (1998), The Place Names of Cumbria, Heritage Services, Carlisle. Page 93
  12. ^ Byers Richard (1998), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from Earliest Times to AD 1865, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth, p22.
  13. ^ Camden, William (1610), Britannia- A 1586 Survey, Philemon Holland.
  14. ^ Byers Richard (1998), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from Earliest Times to AD 1865, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth. p10
  15. ^ Byers Richard (1998), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from Earliest Times to AD 1865, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth. p11
  16. ^ Byers Richard (1998), The History of Workington, An Illustrated History from Earliest Times to AD 1865, Richard Byers Pub. Cockermouth. p14
  17. ^ Armstrong AM, Mawer A, Stenton FM, Dickens Bruce (1952), The Place-Names of Cumberland, English Place-Name Society, Vol XXII Part III, P512.
  18. ^ Marilee Mongello. "Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources". Englishhistory.net. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  19. ^ "Timeline of The Life of Mary, Queen of Scots". Marie-stuart.co.uk. http://www.marie-stuart.co.uk/timeline.htm. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  20. ^ ^ Camden, William (1610), Britannia- A 1586 Survey, Translation by Philemon Holland.
  21. ^ "index". Philological.bham.ac.uk. 2004-06-14. http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  22. ^ "cumbeng". Philological.bham.ac.uk. http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/cumbeng.html#cumb1. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  23. ^ "School Information : Our school". Seatoninf.cumbria.sch.uk. http://www.seatoninf.cumbria.sch.uk/index.php?category_id=48. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  24. ^ "Southfield Technology College - Information Centre". Southfield.cumbria.sch.uk. 1994-09-27. http://www.southfield.cumbria.sch.uk/level_3/history/school_history.htm#1. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  25. ^ "The Marsh, Workington". Users.globalnet.co.uk. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rwbarnes/workgton/marsh.htm. Retrieved on 2009-06-21. 
  26. ^ "Disputed pleasures: sport and ... - Google Books". Books.google.co.uk. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91xjXRYPyKYC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=mass+ball+game&source=bl&ots=Sw7ynAMw8j&sig=Lq6XpojKfzD8WwPUTNtoNhiaqBk&hl=en&ei=B4JESub2DsKgjAe1u-Ri&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2. Retrieved on 2009-06-29. 
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