Time ball
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A time ball is a large painted wooden or metal ball that drops at a predetermined time, principally to enable sailors to check their marine chronometers from their boats offshore. Accurate timekeeping is one way of enabling mariners to determine their longitude at sea.
Time ball stations set their clocks according to transit observations of the positions of the sun and stars. Originally they either had to be stationed at the observatory itself, or had to keep a very accurate clock at the station which was set manually to observatory time. Through the use of the electric telegraph (from around 1850), time balls could be located at a distance from their source of Mean Time and operated remotely.
Time balls are usually dropped at 1pm (although in the USA they were dropped at noon). They were raised half way about 5 minutes earlier to alert the ships, then with 2–3 minutes to go they were raised the whole way. The time was recorded when the ball began descending, not when it reached the bottom.[1] The time ball was not usually dropped at noon as the observatories would be too busy taking readings.
The first time ball was erected at Portsmouth in 1829 by its inventor Robert Wauchope, a Captain in the Royal Navy. Others followed in the major ports of the UK (including Liverpool) and around the maritime world. One was installed in 1833 at the Greenwich Observatory by Astronomer Royal John Pond, and has dropped at 1pm every day since then.
With the commencement of radio time signals (in Britain from 1924), time-balls gradually became obsolete and many were demolished in the 1920s.[2]
[edit] Today
Today there are over sixty timeballs standing, including those at:
- Deal, Kent
- Fremantle, Western Australia
- Gdańsk, Poland (The time ball was installed in 1876, moved to the Gdańsk lighthouse in 1894, and removed in 1929. In 2008 it was reconstructed from original plans and continues to operate today)[2]
- Greenwich Observatory
- Jubilee Clock Tower, Brighton, Sussex (operates hourly)[3]
- Lyttelton, New Zealand
- Nelson's Monument on Calton Hill, Edinburgh
- Point Gellibrand, Victoria
- Sydney Observatory, Australia
- Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town
- United States Naval Observatory
A modern variant on the time ball is the ball drop on New Year's Eve, notably in Times Square, New York City. Unlike a standard time ball, where the drop starts at exactly noon or 1pm, the Times Square drop starts at 11:59:00pm on December 31st and completes a minute later at midnight on January 1st. When a leap second was observed at the end of 1987, the drop lasted 61 seconds with the countdown being ... 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Leap Second, Zero.[4]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Deal Timeball Tower: The Ball Drop". http://dealtimeball.tripod.com/id1.html. Retrieved on 4 January 2009.
- ^ a b "The Gdańsk Nowy Port Lighthouse and Time Ball". http://latarnia.gda.pl/en/index.php?go=kula,czasu. Retrieved on 4 January 2009.
- ^ "My Brighton and Hove". http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/category_id__964_path__0p115p189p.aspx. Retrieved on 2 January 2009.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (1987-12-31). "'88 Countdown: 3, 2, 1, Leap Second, 0". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DC1139F93AA15751C1A961948260. Retrieved on 2 January 2009.
