Sher Shah Suri

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Sher Shah Suri
Emperor of North India
Reign	1540–1545
Born	1486
Died	May 22, 1545
Place of death	Kalinjar
Successor	Islam Shah Suri
Religious beliefs	Islam

Sher Shah Suri (1486, Sasaram–May 22, 1545 Kalinjar) (Pashto: شیر شاہ سوری - Šīr Šāh Sūrī), also known as Farid Khan or Sher Khan (The Tiger King or The Lion King), was a powerful medieval Indian emperor (1540–45) from Sasaram, Bihar, India. Sher Shah was of Pashtun (Afghan) descent^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]} who founded the dynasty known as Sur Dynasty in 1540 in North India. He drove out the Mughal dynasty in Agra and his rule marked the beginning of the short lived Suri Dynasty in India.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Political career 2.1 Rise of Sher Khan 2.2 Expansion and victories 3 Government and administration 4 Death and succession 5 Additional reading 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Early life

Sher Khan was born in Sasaram, Bihar.^[3][10] He was of Pashtun (known as Afghan in historical Persian sources)^[11] origin and descended from a Pashtun adventurer recruited much earlier by Sultan Bahlul Lodi of Delhi during his long contest with the Sharqi Sultans of Jaunpur. The Shah's personal name was Farid, the title of Sher (“Tiger”) being conferred when he killed a tiger as a young man.^[2][3] His original name was Farid-ud-din Abul Muzaffar, but was mostly called Farid. One of eight or 10 (in some sources it is claimed also of 12) sons of Hasan Khan Sur, a vassal of Sasaram and a horse breeder, Farid rebelled against his father and left home to enlist as a soldier in the service of Jamal Khan, the governor of Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh).

[edit] Political career

In Jaunpur, Farid Khan became a private. Later he worked for the province ruler of Bihar, Bahâr Khân, who rewarded him for bravery with the Pashtun title Sher Khan (The King of Tigers) when he killed a tiger as a young man. Before he came back to Bihar he was working for the royal court of Mughals where he became educated and well taught over the Arabic and Persian language and the armed force nature. Short after he became official and minister of the court and some later also the educator of the Mughal prince he became a rebel. As a rebel he wanted to obtain the control of the Pashtun sub-kingdoms of Bihar and Bengal. He returned back to Bihar where he retook his old place as minister. Because the king of Bihar had conflicts with Bengal he send Sher Shah to handle that for him. In early 1539 he conquered Bengal and, through clever deception, the Rohtas stronghold southwest of Bengal. Nevertheless, the battle demanded ca. 15000 and more slaughtered civilian lives beside of the hostile soldiers. At the Battle of Chausa on June 26, 1539, he faced and he defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun and assumed the royal title of Farud-din Sher Shah. Humayun's rule began badly with his invasion of the Hindu principality of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand, which he failed to subdue. Next he became entangled in a quarrel with Sher Khan by unsuccessfully besieging the fortress of Chunar (1532). Thereafter he conquered Malwa and Gujarat, but he could not hold them. Leaving the fortress of Chunar unconquered on the way, Humayun proceeded back to assist Sultan Mahmud of that province against Sher Khan. He lost touch with Delhi and Agra, and, because his brother Hindal began to openly behave like an independent ruler at Agra, he was obliged to leave Gaur, the capital of Bengal. Negotiations with Sher Khan fell through, and the latter forced Humayun to fight a battle at Chausa, 10 miles southwest of Baksar, in which Humayun was defeated. Humayun had no answer to the political and military skill of Sher Shah and had to fight simultaneously on the southern borders to check the sultan of Gujarat, a refuge of the rebel Mughals. Humayun's failure, however, was attributable to inherent flaws in the early Mughal political organization. The armed clans of his nobility owed their first allegiance to their respective chiefs. These chiefs, together with almost all the male members of the royal family, had a claim to sovereignty. There was thus always a lurking fear of the emergence of another centre of power, at least under one or the other of his brothers. Humayun had also to fight against the heavy odds of his opponents' rapport with the locality.

[edit] Rise of Sher Khan

After Sher Khan defeated the Bengali and Hamayun's army with his own Bihari army and some Pashtun tribes men, he returned strengthened and self-assuredly through his successful action back to Bihar where he was rebelling against his own Sahib (pers.: Master) by taking the power. In 1537 he ransacked Gaur.^[12] In May 1540 at Kannauj he had again to face Mughal Emperor Humayun and defeated him and had driven his foes from Bengal, Bihar and the Punjab and at the same time also suppressed the Baluchs and their chiefs on the northwestern frontier. Intent on expanding the sultanate of Delhi, he captured Gwalior and Malwa but was killed during the siege of Kalinjar by a shoot on a barrel of gunpowder very next to him. Sher Shah ruled the whole of North India's Islamic belt for five years, reannexing and defeating the Rajputs.

Sher Khan built also the Rohtas Fort in 1541-43 to crush the Gakhars, who were loyal to Humayun, to whom the fort was finally surrendered by a treacherous commander 10 years after Sher Khan's death. Ironically, Rohtas Fort became the capital of the very people it was designed to crush, the Gakhars.

[edit] Expansion and victories

Sher Khan continued to expand his empire, subjugating Bengal, Malwa, Raisen, Sindh and Multan. In the Battle of Raisen, Sher Khan attacked the fort of the Rajput ruler Puran Mal. After it became apparent that defending the fort would be too tough, Puran Mal agreed to surrender the fort on the condition that his troops, their wives and children, be allowed to leave unmolested. Sher Khan agreed. But as Puran Mal and his family were leaving the fort they were attacked by Sher Khan's Pashtun tribe's men. In a very short time, Sher Khan had extended his kingdom from the Indus in the west to Bengal in the east.

[edit] Government and administration

Sher Shah rose from the rank of private to be emperor, reorganized the administration efficiently and the army and tax collections, built roads and Travellers' inns, rest houses(sarais) and wells, improved the jurisdiction, founded refuges and hospitals, established free kitchens and organized a mail services and the police. At their return, Mughals could build on his measures.

He was a visionary ruler and introduced many military and civil reforms. The system of tri-metalism which came to characterise Mughal coinage was largely the creation of Sher Shah Suri. He minted a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya that weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. The same name is still used for the national currency in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Mauritius, Maldives, Seychelles among other countries. Gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Dam were also minted by his government.^[13]

Mirza-Aziz-Koka, probably Akbar's closest friend and one the most important mansabdar's of the Mughal Empire, wrote this to Emperor Jahangir in one of his personal letters to him.

Specially Sher Khan was not an angel (malak) but a king (malik). In six years he gave such stability to the structure (of the kingdom) that foundation still survives. He had made Hindustan flourishing in such a way that the king of Persia and Turan appreciate it, and have a desire to look at it. Hazrat Arsh Ashiyani (Akbar) followed his administrative manual (zawabit) for fifty years and did not discontinue them. In the same Hindustan due to able administration of the well wishers of the court, nothing is left except rabble and jungles............................

[edit] Death and succession

Sher was the last Delhi Sultan to offer serious resistance to the Mughals on their advance to the south, and his death in battle cleared the path to the return of Mughal emperor Humayun.^[14]

Sher Shah Suri was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan who took the title of Islam Shah Suri.

[edit] Additional reading

• Tarikh-e-Afghani
• Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi
• Tarikh-i Shahi
• Tarikh-i Khan Jahani wa Makhzan-i Afghani
• Edward Thomas (1871) The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi
• Kalkar Nijan, Sher Shah And His Times
• Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans
• Syed Bahadur Shah Zafar Kakakhel, Pashtoon
• Article of Ahmad Yar Khan Kakar about Kakar tribe and Sher shah Suri in Wikipedia.org

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sher Shah Suri

• Encyclopedia Britannica - Sher-Shah-of-Sur
• Columbia Encyclopedia - Sher Khan
• Sher Shah Suri - The Lion King
• Sher Shah brief biography as ruler
• Sur Dynasty

Preceded by 'Founder'

Shah of Delhi 1539-1545

Succeeded by Islam Shah Suri