Midnight Cowboy
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| Midnight Cowboy | |
 theatrical release poster |
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| Directed by | John Schlesinger |
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| Produced by | Jerome Hellman |
| Written by | James Leo Herlihy Waldo Salt |
| Starring | Dustin Hoffman Jon Voight |
| Music by | John Barry |
| Cinematography | Adam Holender |
| Editing by | Hugh A. Robertson |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date(s) | 25 May 1969 |
| Running time | 113 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $3.6 million |
| Gross revenue | $44,785,053 |
Midnight Cowboy is a 1969 American drama film based on the 1965 novel of the same name by James Leo Herlihy. It was written by Waldo Salt, directed by John Schlesinger, and stars Dustin Hoffman and then-newcomer Jon Voight in the title role. Notable smaller roles are filled by Sylvia Miles, John McGiver, Brenda Vaccaro, and Barnard Hughes, and the film also features an uncredited cameo by M. Emmet Walsh. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.
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[edit] Plot
The film follows the story of a young Texan named Joe Buck (Jon Voight), who works washing dishes in a diner. He wishes to leave the restaurant, declaring to a workmate, "What the hell have I got to sit around here for?" As the movie opens, Joe dresses himself like a rodeo cowboy, packs a suitcase, and quits his job. He heads to New York City in the hope of leading the life of a "kept" man. He tells people he meets, "I ain't a for-real cowboy, but I am one hell of a stud!"
Joe's naïveté becomes evident as quickly as his cash disappears upon his arrival in New York. He is hilariously, yet sadly, unsuccessful in his attempts to be hired as a "stud" for wealthy women. The naïve Joe meets the crippled Enrico "Ratso" Rizzo (Dustin Hoffman), a third-rate con man who easily tricks Joe out of twenty dollars by offering to introduce him to a well-known pimp, who instead turns out to be a religious fanatic. Joe flees the scene in pursuit of Ratso, but he is long gone. As Joe's money quickly runs out, he finally attempts to make money by sleeping with another man, but even this plan goes awry. (The novel does refer to previous homosexual activity by Joe, but explains that he'd pursued it more in hopes to please a male friend than out of desire.)
Joe then spots an unsuspecting Rizzo at a diner. Joe has been homeless after being locked out of his hotel room for failure to pay the bill. He has been sleeping in all-night movie theaters and bus stations. Joe angrily shakes Ratso down for every penny he has, but Ratso surprisingly offers to help Joe, by sharing his "place"; an apartment in a condemned building. Joe reluctantly accepts the offer, and they begin a "business" relationship, helping each other pickpocket, steal and further attempt to get Joe hired as a "stud".
The events of Joe's life are told in mostly chronological order, interspersed by flashbacks. He had been to church and baptized as a boy, but had only frightening memories of the experience, and he related religion with disappointment. The only two people Joe loved were his grandmother Sally, and his onetime girlfriend "Crazy Annie" (called "Chalkline Annie" in the novel). His grandmother raised Joe after his mother abandoned him, but often left him alone to go off with boyfriends. (One of them, a wrangler named Woodsy Niles, was Joe's only father figure.) Sally died while Joe was away serving in the Army. Annie had been a promiscuous girl, who changed her ways after meeting Joe. This didn't sit well with the men of their hometown. After the two were caught together having sex in a car, a mob raped them both; Annie was later sent to a mental institution. She remains a constant presence in Joe's mind.
Ratso's story comes mostly through things he tells Joe. His father was an illiterate shoeshiner who worked in a subway station, developed a bad back, and "coughed his lungs out breathin' in that wax every day!" Ratso learned shining from his father, but refused to follow (such as he could, after polio crippled one leg) in the old man's footsteps.
Joe and Ratso also steal things as they need them, and pull minor scams like loading up on saltine crackers and ketchup at diners, and checking every coin slot they see for change. They are both completely alone without each other, and a genuine bond develops between the two men. Ratso had a cough when the two first met during the summer, and as the story progresses, his health steadily worsens. His symptoms indicate a likely case of tuberculosis, but Ratso refuses to see a doctor, professing he'll be fine "when I get to Florida!" In the meantime he consumes cough medicines.
At one point, an odd-looking couple approach Joe and Ratso in a diner and hand Joe a flyer inviting him to a party. The two men go together and enter into a Warhol-esque party scene (with Warhol superstars Viva, Ultra Violet and others in cameo appearances). The naive Joe smokes an entire marijuana joint thinking it was a cigarette, then takes a pill offered to him and begins to hallucinate. He leaves the party with a socialite (Vaccaro), who agrees to pay him $20 for spending one night with her. Ratso falls down a flight of stairs, but insists he is fine, and makes his own way home.
Joe and the socialite attempt sex, but he suffers from temporary impotence. After sleeping, they play a puzzle game together. She suggests that Joe may be gay, then continues to mildly tease him. Joe is suddenly able to perform, and the two have rough, enthusiastic sex.
When Joe returns home later, Ratso is in bed, sweating and feverish, and admits to Joe that he is unable to walk. Joe wants to take Ratso to a doctor, but Ratso adamantly refuses, saying he does not want to end up in Bellevue Hospital or someplace worse. He wants to leave New York for Miami; this has been his goal the whole time. Ratso is clearly gravely ill. A frightened Joe is determined to take care of his friend, and leaves the apartment.
Joe picks up an older male customer (Barnard Hughes), who tries to send him away at the last minute out of guilt. Joe is enraged when the customer gives him a religious medallion, instead of cash when Joe says he needs it. He beats and robs the man, stuffing the telephone receiver into his mouth when he tries to call for help. (It's unclear whether the man dies as a result of Joe's attack; in the next sequence, on the bus to Florida, Ratso asks Joe, "You didn't kill him, did you?" to which Joe replies, "I don't want to talk about it.")
With the money, Joe buys two bus tickets to Florida. Ratso's physical condition is clearly serious, and the point is driven home by a bus scene in which Ratso awakens to find he has urinated on himself. When he tells Joe, Joe makes a joke by saying, "You just took a little rest stop that wasn't on the schedule!" They laugh together, but their powerful denial is now evident. Joe stops to buy new clothing for Ratso and himself on the way. Joe throws away his cowboy outfit, and declares "I ain't no kinda hustler." As they reach Florida and near Miami, Joe talks about plans to get a regular job, only to ultimately realize that Ratso has died sitting beside him.
After Joe informs the bus driver, the driver tells him that there is nothing else to do, but leave him there until they arrive in Miami. The final scene is of a horrified Joe seated beside his dead friend, placing his arm around him, with several of the other passengers standing up and turning around in their seats to stare. He stares out the bus window and numbly watches row after row of palm trees go by.
[edit] Cast
- Dustin Hoffman as Enrico "Ratso" Rizzo
- Jon Voight as Joe Buck
- Sylvia Miles as Cass
- John McGiver as Mr. O'Daniel
- Brenda Vaccaro as Shirley
- Barnard Hughes as Towny
[edit] Production
The opening scenes were filmed in Big Spring, Texas.
The line "I'm walkin' here!", which reached #27 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes, is often said to have been improvised, but producer Jerome Hellman disputes this account on the 2-disc DVD set of Midnight Cowboy. The cab was driven by a hired actor during a scripted take, and production team filmed it to look like an ad-lib. However, Hoffman told it differently on an installment of Bravo's Inside the Actors Studio. He stated that there were many takes to hit that traffic light just right so they didn't have to pause while walking. That take, the timing was perfect and the cab came out of nowhere and nearly hit them. Hoffman wanted to say "We're filming a movie here!" but he decided to not ruin the take.
Before Dustin Hoffman auditioned for this film, he knew that his all-American image could easily cost him the job. To prove he could do it, he asked the auditioning film executive to meet him on a street corner in Manhattan, and in the meantime, dressed himself in filthy rags. The executive arrived at the appointed corner and waited, barely noticing the "beggar" less than ten feet away who was accosting people for spare change. At last, the beggar walked up to him and revealed his true identity.[citation needed]
Despite his portrayal of Joe Buck, a character hopelessly out of his element in New York, Jon Voight is ironically a native New Yorker, hailing from Yonkers. Dustin Hoffman, who played a grizzled veteran of New York's streets, is actually from Los Angeles.
Schlesinger chose the song "Everybody's Talkin'" (written by Fred Neil and performed by Harry Nilsson) as its theme, and the song reappears throughout the movie. (Other songs considered for the movie included Nilsson's own "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City", Randy Newman's "Cowboy", and reportedly Bob Dylan's "Lay Lady Lay".) The song "He Quit Me" was also on the soundtrack; it was written by Warren Zevon, who also included it (as "She Quit Me") on his debut album Wanted Dead or Alive. This film was Adam Holender's first cinematography assignment; he was recommended to Schlesinger by Holender's childhood friend, filmmaker Roman Polanski.[1]
[edit] Controversy
The sex scenes in this movie were considered shocking in 1969. There were only bare breasts and buttocks shown, though there are brief gang rape scenes of both "Crazy Annie" and Joe. While the MPAA was prepared to give the film an R rating upon their initial viewing, the co-chairman of United Artists, Arthur Krim, insisted upon self-applying an X rating on the advice of psychiatrist Aaron Stern, later to become an official MPAA ratings board consultant. It soon became the only X-rated film to win an Academy Award. At the time, X ratings had not yet become primarily associated with the pornographic film industry.
Late in 1970 United Artists had the film re-submitted to the ratings board in order to change the rating to R, increasing the number of screens it could play on in re-release, since many theaters would not run X-rated films, and many newspapers would not accept advertising for them.
Some modern critics (as well as director Schlesinger himself) assume an unstated homosexual relationship between the main characters. At the 78th Academy Awards host, Jon Stewart, joked about Brokeback Mountain being an Oscar contender despite its subject matter, saying "It's been more than thirty-five years when people would watch Midnight Cowboy and say 'What the hell was that all about?' Well, now we have fully accepted this new genre of cinema: gay westerns!"
[edit] Awards and honors
The film won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay; it is the only X-rated film to win an Oscar in any category, and one of two X-rated films to be nominated for an Oscar (the other being Stanley Kubrick's 1971 film A Clockwork Orange). Coincidentally, the previous year had seen the sole G-rated Best Picture winner, Oliver!. Both Hoffman and Voight were nominated for Best Actor awards and Sylvia Miles was nominated for Best Supporting Actress, in what is one of the shortest performances ever nominated (clocking in under four minutes of screen-time).
The film won six BAFTA Awards.
John Barry, who supervised the music and composed the score for the film, won a Grammy for Best Instrumental Theme. "Everybody's Talkin'" also won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, for Harry Nilsson.
In 1994, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
American Film Institute recognition
- 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #36
- 2004 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs:
- "Everybody's Talkin'," #22
- 2005 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes:
- "I'm walking here! I'm walking here!" #27
- 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) #43
[edit] Legacy
For Hoffman, the role enabled him to avoid any typecasting due to his previous role in The Graduate and started his career as an actor of considerable dramatic range. Voight went on to have a long, respectable acting career himself, with roles in Catch-22, Deliverance, The Odessa File, Conrack, The Champ, Coming Home, Mission Impossible, National Treasure and other movies.
The final scene with Joe's arms around Rizzo was parodied in the 1994 Seinfeld episode "The Mom & Pop Store": in which George Costanza believes he has purchased the actor Jon Voight's car (when, unbeknownst to George, it is a dentist named John Voight). George at one point sings part of "Everybody's talkin' at me... I don't hear a word they're sayin'...", improvising the line, "Just drivin' around in Jon Voight's car." The car is later destroyed when the engine malfunctions as George is aimlessly cruising around in it. The final scene of the episode is an exterior shot of a city bus, with Jerry and Kramer seen through the window. Jerry is the Joe Buck character comforting Kramer, who is suffering from a recurring bloody nose. The theme song "Everybody's Talkin'" is played during the final closing camera shot and fade out.
The movie Miss Congeniality parodies the famous "I'm walkin' here!" line when Michael Caine's character Victor Melling is teaching Gracie Hart Sandra Bullock how to 'glide' as she walks. They walk across a street and a car almost hits Hart, prompting the response, "I'm gliding here!"
The movie Forrest Gump parodies the famous "I'm walking here!" line when Gump pushes Lieutenant Dan's wheelchair across a crowded Manhattan street.
An episode of American Dad! titled "Irregarding Steve" parodies the movie, with Roger the alien as the Rizzo character developing a steadily worsening cough after arriving in New York and Steve eventually donning a cowboy outfit similar to Joe's. The episode parodies several important scenes from Midnight Cowboy, including the final scene bus ride.
The movie Back to the Future 2 has the Michael J. Fox character (playing his future son) coming out of the diner and almost being hit by a car, yelling "I'm walking here!" at the vehicle as it speeds away.
The movie "Apocalypto", directed by Mel Gibson contains a scene where Jaguar Paw, along with his other captured friends, are being transported through an area of ongoing deforestation. A tree falls directly on top of them, causing them to scramble out of the way. Their captor yells "I'm walking here!" to the otherwise unaware tree-fellers.
The Futurama episode "Brannigan Begin Again" contains a montage scene based on Midnight Cowboy. After the two characters Zapp Brannigan and Kif (as Joe and Ratso respectively) are discharged from the military, they are trying to survive in the world, including resorting to prostitution.
In an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus entitled School Prizes or: It's a Living!, Mr. Enid Dibney, played by Terry Jones, is a struggling director who claims that his own films, such as if...., 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Rear Window, were stolen from his original ideas. He also claims to have directed his own version of Midnight Cowboy before John Schlesinger released his, starring "the vicar as Ratso Rizzo."
In the video game Grand Theft Auto IV, Vlad is nearly hit by a taxi and he shouts out "Hey! I'm walking here!" during a cutscene.
In the comedy film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, a montage of shots of Kazakhstani journalist Borat doing various inappropriate things on the streets of New York City is shown with the song "Everybody's Talkin'" played behind it.
In an episode of Flight of the Conchords in which Bret and Jemaine try to become prostitutes, Jemaine tells Bret to wear a cowboy hat to make himself more appealing to women. Later, Bret says "I'm walking here" after a woman rejects Jemaine.
In an episode of 'Lost' Ana-Lucia accidentally hits Saywer with a car door, prompting the response 'Hey, I'm walkin' here!'
In the second episode of Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere, everybody's talking is played, while Paddy goes to an audition for a porn film (believing it to be a heterosexual part, which turns out to be otherwise) dressed as a cowboy (He's filmed walking in a street staring at women just like Joe Buck)
In Muppet Classic Theater and multiple other Muppet movies, one of the characters is named Rizzo the Rat.
[edit] Notes
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[edit] External links
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Midnight Cowboy |
- Official website
- Midnight Cowboy at the Internet Movie Database
- Midnight Cowboy at the TCM Movie Database
- Midnight Cowboy at Allmovie
- Midnight Cowboy at Filmsite.org
- Interview with Jennifer Salt ("Crazy Annie")
- Liner notes from the original Criterion Laserdisc
- Movie
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Oliver! |
Academy Award for Best Picture 1969 |
Succeeded by Patton |
| Preceded by The Graduate |
BAFTA Award for Best Film 1970 |
Succeeded by Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid |
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