Ludwig I of Bavaria

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Ludwig I
King of Bavaria
Portrait by Joseph Stieler, 1825
Reign	October 13, 1825 – March 20, 1848
Predecessor	Maximilian I
Successor	Maximilian II
Spouse	Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen
Issue
Maximilian II of Bavaria Mathilde, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Otto, King of Greece Princess Theodelinde of Bavaria Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria Archduchess Adelgunde of Austria-Este Archduchess Hildegard of Austria Princess Alexandra of Bavaria Prince Adalbert of Bavaria
House	House of Wittelsbach
Father	Maximilian I
Mother	Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt
Born	August 25, 1786(1786-08-25) Strasbourg
Died	February 29, 1868 (aged 81) Nice

Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I) (August 25, 1786 in Strasbourg – February 29, 1868 in Nice) was king of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states.

Contents 1 Crown Prince 2 Reign 3 Cultural legacy 4 Private life and Issue 5 Ancestry 6 See also 7 Sources 8 External links

[edit] Crown Prince

He was the son of Count Palatine Maximilian Joseph of Zweibrücken by his first wife Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt. At the time of his birth, his father was an officer in the French army stationed at Strasbourg. He was the godson and namesake of Louis XVI of France. On April 1, 1795 his father succeeded Ludwig's uncle, Charles II, as duke of Zweibrücken, and on February 16, 1799 became Elector of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Arch-Steward of the Empire, and Duke of Berg on the extinction of the Sulzbach line with the death of the elector Charles Theodore. His father assumed the title of King of Bavaria on January 1, 1806.

In October 1810, he married Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1792–1854), the daughter of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The wedding was the occasion of the first ever Oktoberfest. Ludwig studied in Landshut where he was taught by Johann Michael Sailer and in Göttingen.

Ludwig strongly rejected the alliance of his father with Napoleon I of France but in spite of his anti-French politics the crown prince had to join the emperor's wars with allied Bavarian troops. In 1817 Ludwig was involved in the fall of Prime Minister Count Max Josef von Montgelas. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1825.

[edit] Reign

Ludwig's rule was strongly affected by his enthusiasm for the arts and women and by his overreaching royal assertiveness. An enthusiast also for the German Middle Ages, Ludwig ordered the re-erection of several monasteries in Bavaria which had been closed during the German Mediatisation. He reorganized the administrative regions of Bavaria in 1837 and re-introduced the old names Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Upper Palatinate and Palatinate. He changed his royal titles to Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and Count Palatinate of the Rhine. His successors kept these titles. Ludwig's plan to reunite also the eastern part of the Palatinate with Bavaria could not be realized. The Electoral Palatinate, a former dominion of the Wittelsbach, had been split up in 1815, the eastern bank of the Rhine with Mannheim and Heidelberg was given to Baden, only the western bank was granted to Bavaria. Here Ludwig founded the city of Ludwigshafen as a Bavarian rival to Mannheim.

Ludwig also encouraged Bavaria's industrialization. He initiated the Ludwig channel between the River Main and the Danube. In 1835 the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg. Bavaria joined the Zollverein in 1834.

Ludwig supported the Greek fight of independence: His second son Otto was then elected king of Greece in 1832.

After the July Revolution in France 1830, his previous liberal policy became more and more repressive. The Hambacher Fest in 1832 showed the discontent of the population suffered from high taxes and censorship. In 1837, the Roman Catholic supported clerical movement, the Ultramontanes, came to power in the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of reform to the constitution, which removed civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing censorship and forbidding the free discussion of internal politics. This regime was short-lived due to the demand by the Ultramontanes of the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish-born mistress Eliza Gilbert (better known by her stage name Lola Montez), which was resented by Ludwig and the Ultramontanes were pushed out.

During the revolutions of 1848 the king was confronted with increasing protests and demonstrations of the students and the middle classes and also the Cabinet turned against him. Not willing to rule as a constitutional monarch, Ludwig abdicated on March 20, 1848 in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian. He was buried in St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich.

Arms of the Kingdom of Bavaria 1835:

[edit] Cultural legacy

As admirer of ancient Greece and the Italian renaissance Ludwig patronised the arts as principal of many neoclassical buildings, especially in Munich, and as fanatic collector. Among others he ordered to erect were the Walhalla temple, the Befreiungshalle, the Ludwigstrasse, the Bavaria statue, the Glyptothek, the Old and the New Pinakothek. His architects Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Gärtner also strongly influenced the cityscape of modern Athens. The king collected especially Greek and Roman sculptures, Early German and Early Dutch paintings but also masterpieces of the Italian renaissance and contemporary art for his museums and galleries. One of his most famous conceptions was the celebrated "Schönheitengalerie" (Gallery of Beauties), in charge of the painter Joseph Stieler, which contained portraits of several beautiful women who principally came from the high middle class.

Also after his abdication, Ludwig remained an important and lavish sponsor for the arts. This even caused several conflicts with his son and successor Maximilian. Finally Ludwig financed his projects from own resources.

He moved the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität from Landshut to Munich in 1826.

Because of King Ludwig's passion for everything Hellenic, the German name for Bavaria today is spelled "Bayern", while the language spoken there has retained its original spelling "Bairisch"—note the I versus the "Hellenic" Y.

Ludwig was an eccentric and notoriously bad poet. He would write about anything, no matter how trivial, with strings of rhyming couplets. For this the king was teased by Heinrich Heine who wrote several mockery poems in Ludwig's style. Even though Ludwig's Walhalla temple plans to add Heine's bust to its collection in 2009.

[edit] Private life and Issue

In private life Ludwig was in spite of his royal assertiveness modest and companionable and even known for his often shabby attire. Ludwig was hard of hearing and had a bruise on his forehead which was often conceiled in portraits.

Ludwig had several extramarital affairs and became one of the lovers of Lady Jane Digby, an aristocratic English adventuress. Ludwig became tainted with scandals associated with another of his mistresses, Lola Montez. It seems likely that his relationship with her contributed greatly to the fall from grace of the previously popular king.

Issue by Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (July 8, 1792 – October 26, 1854; married on October 12, 1810 in Theresienwiese, Munich)

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Maximilian Joseph	November 28, 1811	March 10, 1864	succeeded as King of Bavaria married, 1842, Princess Marie of Prussia; had issue
Mathilde Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine Charlotte	August 30, 1813	August 25, 1862	married, 1833, Ludwig III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; no issue
Otto Friedrich Ludwig	June 1, 1815	July 26, 1867	become the 1st King of Greece married, 1836, Duchess Amalia of Oldenburg; no issue
Theodolinde Charlotte Luise	October 7, 1816	April 12, 1817	died in infancy
Luitpold Karl Joseph Wilhelm Ludwig	March 21, 1821	December 12, 1912	Regent of Bavaria married, 1844, Archduchess Augusta of Austria-Tuscany; had issue
Adelgunde Auguste Charlotte Caroline Elisabeth Amalie Marie Sophie Luise	March 19, 1823	January 28, 1914	married, 1843, Francis V, Duke of Modena; had issue
Hildegard Luise Charlotte Theresia Friederike	June 10, 1825	April 2, 1864	married, 1844, Archduke Albert of Austria, Duke of Teschen; had issue
Alexandra Amelie	August 26, 1826	September 21, 1875
Adalbert Wilhelm Georg Ludwig	July 19, 1828	September 21, 1875	married, 1856, Infanta Amalia of Spain; had issue

[edit] Ancestry

v • d • e Ancestors of Ludwig I of Bavaria

16. Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld               8. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken                       17. Countess Katharina Agathe of Rappoltstein               4. Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Zweibrücken                             18. Ludwig Kraft, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken               9. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken                       19. Countess Philippine Henriette of Hohenlohe-Langenburg               2. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria                                   20. Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach               10. Joseph Karl Emanuel August, Count Palatine of Sulzbach                       21. Marie Eleonore of Hessen-Rheinfels               5. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach                             22. Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine               11. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg                       23. Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł               1. Ludwig I of Bavaria                                         24. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt               12. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt                       25. Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach               6. Landgrave George William of Hesse-Darmstadt                             26. Johann Reinhard III, Prince of Hanau-Lichtenberg               13. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg                       27. Margravine Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach               3. Landgravine Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt                                   28. Johann Karl August, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim               14. Christian Karl Reinhard, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim                       29. Countess Johanna Magdalene of Hanau-Lichtenberg               7. Countess Marie Luise Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim                             30. Ludwig, Count of Solms-Rödelheim               15. Countess Katherine Polyxene of Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim                       31. Countess Charlotte Sibylla of Ahlefeld

[edit] See also

• Revolutions of 1848 in the German states

[edit] Sources

• Heinz Gollwitzer, Ludwig I. von Bayern. Königtum im Vormärz, Munich 1986 (²1997).

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ludwig I of Bavaria

• The king's portrait
• George Washington's German "Cousin" {Baron Jakob von Washington-an advisor to King Ludwig I}

Ludwig I of Bavaria House of Wittelsbach Born: August 25, 1786 Died: February 29, 1868
Regnal titles
Preceded by Maximilian I Joseph	King of Bavaria 1825–1848	Succeeded by Maximilian II

Persondata
NAME	Ludwig I of Bavaria
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Ludwig I van Beieren; Ludwig di Baviera; Ludwig I di Wittelsbach re di Baviera; Ludovico I di Baviera
SHORT DESCRIPTION	King of Bavaria
DATE OF BIRTH	August 25, 1786
PLACE OF BIRTH	Strasbourg
DATE OF DEATH	February 29, 1868 (aged 81)
PLACE OF DEATH	Nice