List of revolutions and rebellions

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A scene from the failed French-Canadian rebellion against British rule in 1837.

This is a list of revolutions and rebellions. A list of coups d'état and coup attempts can be found here: List of coups d'état and coup attempts.

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completion. You can help by expanding it with sourced additions.

[edit] BC

• 615 BC: The Babylonians revolt against rule from the Assyrian empire.
• 570 BC: A revolt broke out among native Egyptian soldiers, giving Amasis II opportunity to seize the throne.
• 499–493 BC: The Ionian Revolt. Most of the Greek cities occupied by the Persians in Asia Minor and Cyprus rose up against their Persian rulers.
• 464 BC: The Helot serfs revolt against their Spartan masters.
• 460 BC: The Inarus revolted against the Persians in Egypt with the help of his Athenian allies.
• 206 BC: Ziying, last ruler of the Qin Dynasty of China surrenders himself to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt and founder of the Han Dynasty.
• 181–174 BC: The Celtiberian revolt in Spain; Romans eventually subdue the Celtiberians.
• 154 BC: The failed Rebellion of the Seven States by members of the royal family of the Han Dynasty.
• 153–133 BC: The Celtiberians again revolted, and were not finally overcome until the capture of Numantia.
• 147–139 BC: The Lusitanian Rebellion against the Roman forces in modern day Portugal, led by Lusitanian leader named Viriathus.
• 73–71 BC: The failed Roman slave rebellion, led by the gladiator Spartacus.
• 52–51 BC: The revolt of the Celtic Gauls, led by Vercingetorix, was crushed by Julius Caesar.

[edit] 1–999 AD

• 6–9: The Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted against the Roman Empire, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years.
• 9: The Arminius revolt against the Roman Empire; alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
• 18: The Red Eyebrow Rebellion in China.
• 20: The Green Forest Rebellion in China.
• 60–61: Boudica, queen of the Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Roman-occupied Britain, led a major uprising of the Briton tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.^[1]
• 66–70: The Great Jewish Revolt, the first of three Jewish-Roman wars that took place in Iudaea Province against the Roman Empire.^[2]
• 69–70: The Batavian rebellion in the Roman province of Germania Inferior.
• 115–117: The Kitos War, the second of the Jewish-Roman wars.
• 132–135: Bar Kokhba's revolt, the third and last of the Jewish-Roman wars.
• 184: Zhang Jiao led an unsuccessful peasant revolt called theYellow Turban Rebellion during the later Han dynasty, which later collapsed due to destabilization and lack of co-ordination with other Yellow Turban forces across China.
• 496: Mazdak led a Persian socialistic movement and overthrew Shahanshah Kavadh I of the Persian empire.
• 532: The Nika revolt in Constantinople.
• 613: A rebellion by Yang Xuangan in China was crushed by the Sui Dynasty.
• 623: An uprising of Slavs led by Samo against Avars.
• 685–699: The Azraqi Khariji revolt in Iraq and Iran against the Umayyad Caliphate.
• 740: The Zaidi revolt against the Umayyad dynasty.
• 740–743: The Great Berber Revolt in Maghreb against the Umayyads marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).
• 747–750: The Abbasid Revolt overthrew the Umayyad dynasty. When Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty gathered to receive pardons, and all were massacred.
• 755: Abd ar-Rahman I landed at Almuñécar in al-Andalus. Abd ar-Rahman I was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries.
• 755–763: The Rebellion by powerful Jiedushi An Lushan in Tang Dynasty, which caused heavy damage in China in terms of population and economy.
• 782–785: The Saxon revolt against Charlemagne. Rebellion was part of Saxon Wars.
• 814: Al-Hakam I crushed a rebellion of Iberian Muslims led by clerics in a suburb called al-Ribad on the south bank of the Guadalquivir river.
• 817–837: The revolution of the Iranian Khurramites led by Babak Khorramdin.
• 824–836: The revolt of Arab troops in Tunisia against Aghlabids was only put down with the help of the Berbers.
• 828: The failed rebellion by Kim Heon-chang against Silla.
• 845: The rebellion by the famous naval commander Jang Bogo against Silla, ended when Jang was assassinated.
• 861–1003: Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar established Saffarid dynasty. He seized control of the Seistan region, conquering modern-day eastern Iran, much of Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan. Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar started his campaign as a bandit and formed his own army.
• 869–883: The Zanj Rebellion of black African slaves in Iraq. The Zanj Rebellion was crushed in 883 by the Abbasids.^[3]
• 875–884: A rebellion by salt smuggler Huang Chao against Tang Dynasty China, which later collapsed due to the destabilization caused by the rebellion.
• 884: Umar ibn Hafsun led anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Spain.
• 899–906: The Qarmatians, an extremist Ismā'īlī Muslim sect centered in eastern Arabia, revolted against Abbasids.
• 943–947: The great revolt of Abu Yazid, a Khariji Berber leader who assembled a large tribal coalition against Fatimid rule.
• 982: The great revolt of the pagan Polabian Slavs of the lower Elbe against the Holy Roman Empire.

[edit] 1000–1499

• 1090: Hassan-i Sabbah Hassan took over Alamut for Hashshashin.
• 1095: Rebellion of northern nobles against William Rufus.
• 1125: The Almohads began a rebellion in the Atlas Mountains.
• 1156: The Hōgen Rebellion succeeded in establishing the dominance of the samurai clans and eventually the first samurai-led government in the history of Japan.
• 1185: The Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion against Byzantine Empire.
• 1233–1234: The Stedinger revolt in Frisia caused Pope Gregory IX to call on a crusade.
• 1242–1249: The The First Prussian Uprising against the Teutonic Knights, which took place during the Northern Crusades.
• 1250: The Mamluks killed the last sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty, and established the Bahri dynasty.
• 1296–1328: The First of the Wars of Scottish Independence between Scotland and England, leading to renewed Scottish independence in 1328.
• 1332–1357: The second instalment of the Wars of Scottish Independence, leading again to renewed Scottish independence from England and the Treaty of Berwick.
• 1302: The Battle of the Golden Spurs in Flanders, after which the French were ousted.
• 1323–1328: Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, the Peasant revolt in Flanders escalated into a full-scale rebellion and ended with the Battle of Cassel.
• 1343–1345: the St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia.
• 1354: The revolt of Cola di Rienzi.
• 1356–1358: Jacquerie: a peasant revolt in northern France, during the Hundred Years' War.

The end of the unsuccessful Peasants' Revolt in England 1381. Rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed while Richard II watches. A second image within the painting shows Richard addressing the crowd.

• 1368: Zhu Yuanzhang led peasant Han Chinese in a rebellion against the Mongol Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty.
• 1378: The Revolt of the Ciompi.
• 1381: The Peasants' Revolt, or the Great Rising of 1381, in England.
• 1390s: The revolts that broke out all over Persia while Timur Lenk was away were repressed with ruthless vigour; whole cities were destroyed, their populations massacred, and towers built of their skulls.^[4]
• 1400–1415 The Welsh revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr.
• 1418–1427: Vietnamese led by Le Loi revolted against Chinese occupation.
• 1420: The Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both Catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire. The wars that ensue are known as the Hussite Wars.
• 1434: A Swedish peasant rebellion breaks out against the Danes.
• 1437: The Bobâlna (Bábolna) revolt in Transylvania, using military tactics inspired by the Hussites wars.
• 1444–1468: Skenderbeg's rebellion in Ottoman-ruled Albania.
• 1450: The Kent rebellion led by Jack Cade.
• 1462–1485: The Rebellion of the Remences in Catalonia.
• 1497: The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 in England.

[edit] 1500–1799

• 1514: A peasants' war led by György Dózsa in the Kingdom of Hungary.
• 1515: The Slovenian peasant revolt.
• 1515–1523: The Frisian rebellion of the Arumer Black Heap, led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard Jelckama.
• 1519–1523: The first Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics.
• 1519–1610: The Jelali revolts in Anatolia against the authority of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1520–1522: The Revolt of the Comuneros against the rule of Spanish king and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
• 1523: The nobility in Jutland rebelled against Christian II of Denmark, forcing him to abdicate and flee the country 1 May.
• 1524–1525: The Peasants' War of in the Holy Roman Empire.
• 1542: The Dacke Feud in Sweden.
• 1549: The Prayer Book Rebellion in Cornwall and Devon, United Kingdom.
• 1549: Kett's Rebellion.
• 1566–1648: Eighty Years' War; revolt of the Low Countries against Spain.
• 1568–1571: The Morisco Revolt by the remnants of the Morisco community (Spanish Christian converts from Islam ["crypto-Muslims"] in Granada, Spain.
• 1573: The Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt.
• 1594–1603: The Nine Years War or Tyrone's Rebellion in Ulster, Ireland against English rule in Ireland.
• 1596: The Club War uprising in Finland.
• 1606–1607: The Bolotnikov rebellion for the abolition of serfdom, which was part of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
• 1618–1625: The Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburgs. Rebellion was part of Thirty Years' War.
• 1637–1638: The Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians.^[5]
• 1640: The Portuguese Revolt against Spanish Empire.
• 1640–1652: The Catalan Revolt.
• 1640–1644: The Vlach uprising against Habsburg rule in Moravia.
• 1641: The Irish Rebellion of 1641.
• 1642–1653: The English Revolution, commencing as a civil war between Parliament and the King, and culminating in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Commonwealth, which was succeeded several years later by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.
• 1644: The Li Zicheng rebellion against the Ming Dynasty.
• 1647: The Naples Revolt.
• 1648: The Khmelnytsky Uprising of Cossacks in Ukraine against Polish nobility in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1648–1653: The Fronde, in France.
• 1668: The Sikhs in the Anandpur revolted against the Mughal Empire.
• 1668–1676: The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising.
• 1669: The Jat uprising under Gokula. The Hindu Jats in the Agra district revolted against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
• 1672: The Pasthun rebellion against the Mughals.
• 1672–1674: The Lipka Rebellion, an uprising of Polish Tatars against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1672–1678: The Messina Revolt. The Sicilian revolt against Spanish rule took place during the Franco-Dutch War of Louis XIV; the rebels were supported by France.
• 1675–1676: King Philip's War between Indians and English settlers, sometimes called Metacom's Rebellion.

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, during the American Revolutionary War.

• 1676: The Bashkir Rebellion against Russian rule.
• 1680: The Pueblo Revolt against Spanish settlers in New Mexico.
• 1682: The Moscow Uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments.
• 1688: The Siamese revolution (1688) the overthrow of pro-foreign Siamese king Narai by Mandarin Petracha.
• 1688: The Glorious Revolution in England overthrew King James II and established a Whig-dominated Protestant constitutional monarchy.
• 1688–1746: The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the British Isles occurring between 1688 and 1746.
• 1689: Karposh's Rebellion against Ottoman Empire.
• 1693: The second Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, prompted by feudal taxation.
• 1698: The Streltsy Uprising in Russia.
• 1702–1715: The Camisard Rebellion in France.
• 1703–1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburgs.
• 1707–1709: The Bulavin Rebellion in Imperial Russia.
• 1709: Mir Wais Hotak, an Afghani tribal leader, led a successful rebellion against Gurgin Khan, the Persian governor of Kandahar.
• 1722: Afghan rebels defeated Shah Sultan Hossein and ended the Safavid dynasty.
• 1743: The Fourth Dalecarlian Rebellion in Sweden.
• 1745–1746: The Jacobite Rising in Scotland.
• 1763–1766: Pontiac's Rebellion by numerous North American Indian tribes who joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the Great Lakes region.
• 1768: The Rebellion of 1768 by Creole and German settlers objecting to the turnover of the Louisiana Territory from New France to New Spain.
• 1770: The Orlov Revolt in Peloponnese.
• 1773–1775:Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history. Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.^[6]
• 1775–1783: The American Revolution establishes independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain, creating the republic of the United States of America. A war of independence in that it created one nation from another.
• 1773–1802?: The Tay Son Revolt, annihilation of the ruling Trinh and Nguyen clans as well as the Le Dynasty in Dai Viet.
• 1780–1782: José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known as Túpac Amaru II, raises an indigenous peasant army in revolt against Spanish control of Peru. Julián Apasa, known as Tupac Katari allied with Tupac Amaru and lead an indigenous revolt in Alto Peru (preset day Bolivia) nearly destroying the city of La Paz in a siege.
• 1789: Regarded as one of the most influential of all socio-political revolutions, the French Revolution is associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.

Hanging of suspected United Irishmen by Government troops during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

• 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution: A successful slave rebellion, led by Toussaint Louverture, establishes Haiti as the first free, black republic.
• 1793–1796: The Revolt in the Vendée was popular uprising against the Republican government during the French Revolution.
• 1794: The Polish revolt.
• 1795–1796: Rebels in Grenada led by Julien Fédon executed the governor and wrested control of most of the island from Britain, which maintained a stronghold in St. George's, the capital. The goal was to incorporate Grenada into revolutionary France, but Fédon soon disappeared and was never heard from again.
• 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China.
• 1797: The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the British Royal Navy.
• 1798: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.

[edit] 1800–1899

• 1803: The rebellion of Robert Emmet in Dublin, Ireland against British rule.
• 1804–1813: The First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule.
• 1808: The Dos de Mayo Uprising against the occupation of Madrid by French troops.
• 1808–1814: The Peninsula war.
• 1809–1810: The rebellion of Velu Thampi Dalawa of Travancore.
• 1810: The West Florida rebellion against Spain, eventually becomes a short-lived republic.
• 1810–1821: The Mexican War of Independence, a revolution against Spanish colonialism.
• 1810: The Viceroy of the Río de la Plata is deposed by local officers in Argentina.

Battle at "Snake Gully" 1802, during the Haitian Revolution against French rule.

• 1812: The peasant rebellion of Hong Gyeong-nae against Joseon Dynasty of Korea.
• 1817: The Pernambucan Revolution, a republican separatist movement which resulted in the creation of the short-lived Republic of Pernambuco (7 March 1817–20 May 1817).
• 1817: The Pentrich Revolution, Derbyshire; an ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Government, unknowingly it was instigated by William Oliver, aka Oliver the Spy. Three men were executed in November 1817, and fourteen men were transported to NSW. The event is known as 'England's Last Revolution' (9–10 June 1817).
• 1820: Revolutions in Spain and Portugal.
• 1820–1824: The revolutionary war of independence in Peru led by José de San Martín.
• 1821–1829: The Greek War of Independence.
• 1822–1823: The republican revolution in Mexico overthrows Emperor Agustín de Iturbide.
• 1825: The Decembrist revolt in Russian Empire.
• 1825–1830: The Java War or Dipanegara Revolution, when the prince of Mataram Islam against the tax and land rent dommination from Dutch.
• 1826: The Janissary revolt in Ottoman Empire.
• 1827–1828: The failed conservative rebellion in Mexico led by Nicolás Bravo.
• 1830: The July Revolution, or the French Revolution of 1830, was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe (the "July Monarchy").

Siege of Saragossa (1809): The French assault on the San Engracia monastery.

• 1830: The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium.
• 1830–1831: The November Uprising in Poland.
• 1831: The Merthyr Rising in South Wales.
• 1832–1843: Abdelkader's rebellion in French-occupied Algeria.
• 1834–1859: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.
• 1835–1836: Texas secedes from Mexico in the Texas Revolution.
• 1835–1845: The War of Tatters, Separatists gauchos revolutionaries declared the independence of the Rio Grande do Sul from Brazil.
• 1837–1838: The Rebellions of 1837 failed republican revolutions against British rule in Canada.
• 1841–1842: The Afghan uprising. Hostile Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilian dependents and camp followers.^[7]
• 1847: The Maya Rebellion in Yucatán.
• 1847: The Taos Revolt in New Mexico against the United States.
• 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 were a wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions that swept Europe.
• 1848: The French Revolution of 1848 led to the creation of the French Second Republic.
• 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states.
• 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.
• 1848: The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 grew into a war for independence from Austrian Empire.
• 1848: The Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 took place during the Great Irish Famine.
• 1848: A rebellion in British-ruled Ceylon.

Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the French revolution of 1830.

• 1851–1864: The Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty and Manchu domination in China. In total between 20 and 30 million lives had been lost, making it the second deadliest war in human history.
• 1854: A revolution in Spain against the Moderate Party Government.
• 1854–1873: The Miao Rebellion in China.
• 1854–1855: The Revolution of Ayutla in Mexico.
• 1855–1873: The Panthay rebellion by Chinese Muslims against the Qing Dynasty.
• 1857: The failed Indian rebellion against British East India Company, marking the end of Mughal rule in India. Also known as the 1857 War of Independence and, particularly in the West, the Sepoy Mutiny.
• 1858: The Mahtra War in Estonia.
• 1858–1861: The War of the Reform in Mexico.
• 1859: The Second Italian War of Independence.
• 1861–1865: The American Civil War in the United States, between the United States and the Confederate States of America, which was formed out of eleven southern states.
• 1861–1866: Quantrill's Raiders in Missouri.
• 1862: The Sioux Uprising in Minnesota.^[8]
• 1862–1877: The Muslim Rebellion by Chinese Muslims against the Qing Dynasty.
• 1863: The New York Draft Riots.^[9]

Prague barricades during the European Revolutions of 1848.

• 1863–1865: The January Uprising was the Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
• 1865: The Morant Bay rebellion.
• 1866: The Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia.
• 1866–1868: The Meiji Restoration and modernization revolution in Japan. Samurai uprising leads to overthrow of shogunate and establishment of "modern" parliamentary, Western-style system.
• 1867: The Fenian Rising: an attempt at a nationwide rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood against British rule.
• 1868: The Glorious Revolution in Spain deposes Queen Isabella II.
• 1868: In the Grito de Lares, rebels proclaim the independence of Puerto Rico from Spain.
• 1869–1870: The Red River Rebellion, the events surrounding the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Settlement, Manitoba, Canada.
• 1871: The Paris Commune.
• 1871–1872: Porfirio Díaz rebels against President Benito Juárez of Mexico.
• 1871: The liberal revolution in Guatemala.
• 1875: The Deccan Riots.
• 1875: The Herzegovinian rebellion, the most famous of the rebellions against the Ottoman Empire in Herzegovina; unrest soon spread to other areas of Ottoman Bosnia.
• 1876: The second rebellion by Porfirio Díaz against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada of Mexico.
• 1876: The April uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
• 1877: The Satsuma Rebellion of Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government.
• 1882: The Urabi Revolt: an uprising in Egypt on June 11, 1882 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. It was led by and named after Colonel Ahmed Urabi.
• 1885: A peasant revolt in the Ancash region of Peru led by Pedro Pablo Atusparía succeeds in occupying the Callejón de Huaylas for several months.
• 1885: The North-West Rebellion of Métis in Saskatchewan.
• 1888: The Rebellion of Peasant in Banten, Indonesia.
• 1893: A liberal revolt brings José Santos Zelaya to power in Nicaragua.
• 1894–1895: The Donghak Peasant Revolution: Korean peasants led by Jeon Bong-jun revolted against Joseon Dynasty; the revolt was crushed by Japanese and Chinese intervention, leading to First Sino-Japanese War.
• 1895: The revolution against President Andrés Avelino Cáceres in Peru ushers in a period of stable constitutional rule.
• 1896–1898: The Philippine Revolution, a war of independence against Spanish rule directed by the Katipunan society.
• 1898: The Dukchi Ishan (Andican Uprising): Kirgiz, Uzbek, and Kipcak peoples rebelled against Tsarist Russia in Turkestan (Fargana Valley).
• 1898: A mob of white supremacists forced out the city government of Wilmington, North Carolina.^[10]
• 1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Qing Dynasty.

[edit] 1900–1909

• 1903: The Ilinden Uprising of the Macedonians in the Ottoman Empire breaks out.
• 1904: A liberal revolution in Paraguay.
• 1905: The failed bourgeois-liberal revolution against Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
• 1905–1906: The Persian/Iranian constitutional revolution.
• 1905–1906: The Maji Maji Rebellion in German east Africa.
• 1907: The Romanian Peasants' Revolt.
• 1908: The Young Turk Revolution: Young Turks force the autocratic ruler Abdul Hamid II to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire.

Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.

[edit] 1910–1919

• 1910–1920: The Mexican Revolution overthrows the dictator Porfirio Díaz; seizure of power by Institutional Revolutionary Party.
• 1910: The republican revolution in Portugal.
• 1910–1911: The Sokehs Rebellion erupts in German-ruled Micronesia. Its primary leader, Somatau, is executed soon after being captured.
• 1911: The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the ruling Qing Dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China.
• 1914: The Ten Days War was a shooting war involving irregular forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side, opposed to the Colorado National Guard, Baldwin Felts detectives, and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the other, occurring in the aftermath of the Ludlow Massacre. The Ten Days War ended when federal troops intervened.
• 1914: The Boer Revolt against the British in South Africa.
• 1915: The Armenian Revolt in city of Van against the Ottomans in Turkey resulted in the first genocide of 20th century, where a million and a half Armenians were sent on death marches.
• 1916: The Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland during which the Irish Republic was proclaimed.
• 1916: An anti-French uprising in Algeria.
• 1916: The Central Asian Revolt started when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.
• 1916–1917: The Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger.
• 1916–1918: The Arab Revolt with the aim of securing independence from the Ottoman Empire.
• 1916–1923: The Irish War of Independence, the period of nationalist rebellion, guerrilla warfare, political change and civil war which brought about the establishment of the independent nation, the Irish Free State.
• 1916–1947: Gandhi's struggle against the British for Indian Independence.
• 1917: The French Army Mutinies.
• 1917: The February Revolution overthrows Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
• 1917: The Green Corn Rebellion takes place in rural Oklahoma.
• 1917: The October Revolution in Russia: Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia and the establishment of the Soviet Union.
• 1918: The Finnish Civil War.
• 1918: The Christmas Uprising in Montenegro: Montenegrins (Zelenaši) rebelled against unification of Kingdom of Montenegro with Kingdom of Serbia.
• 1918: The Wilhelmshaven mutiny.
• 1918: The German Revolution overthrows the Kaiser; establishment of the Weimar Republic.
• 1918–1919: A wave of strikes and student unrest shakes Peru. These events influence two of the dominant figures of Peruvian politics in the 20th century: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui.
• 1918–1919: The Greater Poland Uprising (1918-1919) Polish uprising against German authorities.
• 1918–1920: The Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920), the southern Ossetians revolted against Georgian rule.^[11]
• 1918–1921: The Ukrainian Revolution.
• 1918–1922: The Third Russian Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against both Bolshevism and the White movement.
• 1918–1931: The Basmachi Revolt against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia.
• 1919–1920: The Euphrates Revolt, Iraqi insurgents revolt against British and British-Indian troops, attempting to create a Muslim regime or the restoration of Turkish rule.
• 1919–1921: The Tambov Rebellion, one of the largest peasant rebellions against the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War.
• 1919–1921: The Silesian Uprisings of the ethnic Poles against Weimar rule.
• 1919–1922: The Turkish War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
• 1919: The German Revolution.
• 1919: A revolution in Hungary, resulting in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic.

[edit] 1920–1929

• 1920: The Pitchfork Uprising was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Tatarstan.
• 1920–1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah's struggle for a separate state for the Muslims of India.
• 1920–1922: Gandhi led Non-cooperation movement.
• 1921: The Battle of Blair Mountain ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebel in West Virginia, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces in the largest armed, organized uprising in American labor history.
• 1921: The Kronstadt rebellion of Soviet sailors against the government of the early Russian SFSR.
• 1921–1923: The Yakut Revolt.
• 1921–1924: A revolution in (Outer) Mongolia re-establishes the country's independence and sets out to construct a Soviet-style socialist state.
• 1922–1923: The Irish Civil War, between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the government of the Irish Free State and more radical members of the original Irish Republican Army who opposed the treaty and the new government.
• 1923: The founding of the Republic of Turkey by overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and introduction of Atatürk's Reforms.
• 1923: The Klaipėda Revolt in the Memel territory that had been detached from Germany after World War I.
• 1924–1927: The Sheikh Said Rebellion.
• 1925: The July Revolution in Ecuador.
• 1925–1927: The Syrian Revolution, a revolt initiated by the Druze and led by Sultan al-Atrash against French Mandate.
• 1926: The National Revolution in Portugal initiated a period known as the National Dictatorship.
• 1926–1929: The Cristero War in Mexico, an uprising against anti-clerical government policy.
• 1926–1927: The first PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) rebellion against colonialism and imperialism of Dutch Hindie.
• 1927–1931: The Kurdish Rebellion against Turkey.
• 1927–1933: A rebellion led by Augusto César Sandino against the United States presence in Nicaragua.

[edit] 1930–1939

• 1930: The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 led by Getúlio Vargas.
• 1930: The Salt Satyagraha, a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India.
• 1932: The Constitutionalist Revolution against the provisional president Getúlio Vargas led Brazil to a short civil war.
• 1932: The Aprista revolt in Trujillo, Peru.
• 1932: The Siamese coup d'état of 1932, sometimes called the "Promoters Revolution", ends absolute monarchy in Thailand.
• 1933: The popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado.
• 1934: In October, workers including radical socialists and anarchists stage coups in the Spanish regions of Asturias and Catalonia. The immediate cause was the entrance of a right-wing Catholic party into the government of the unstable Second Spanish Republic. The Asturian uprising was put down by General Francisco Franco.
• 1936: The Febrerista Revolution, led by Rafael Franco, ended oligarchic Liberal Party rule in Paraguay.

Polish insurgent at a Warsaw Uprising barricade.

• 1936: General Francisco Franco led a coup and started the Spanish Civil War, leading to the Spanish Revolution.
• 1936–1939: A period of so-called "military socialism" in Bolivia follows a revolution in which celebrated war hero David Toro takes power. A constitution establishing a corporative state is promulgated in 1938, following the nationalization of Standard Oil and the passage of progressive labor laws.
• 1937–1938: The Dersim Rebellion was the most important Kurdish rebellion in modern Turkey.
• 1937: The "Jornadas de Mayo", a workers' revolution in Catalonia.
• 1938–1948: The Zionist Revolution, or the period of Jewish nationalist rebellion and guerrilla warfare against the British Empire in Palestine which brought about the establishment of the State of Israel.

[edit] 1940–1949

• 1940–1944: The Insurgency in Chechnya.
• 1941: The June Uprising against the Soviet Union in Lithuania.
• 1941–1945: Yugoslav People's Liberation War against the Axis Powers in World War II.
• 1942: Sri Lankan soldiers ignite the Cocos Islands Mutiny in an unsuccessful attempt to transfer the islands to Japanese control.
• 1942: The destruction of the German garrison in Lenin.
• 1943: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
• 1943: The uprising at Treblinka extermination camp.
• 1943: The uprising at Sobibór extermination camp.
• 1944: The Guatemalan Revolution overthrows the dictator Federico Ponce Vaides by liberal military officers.
• 1944: The Warsaw Uprising was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. It started on 1 August 1944.
• 1944: The Paris Uprising staged by the French Resistance against the German Paris garrison.
• 1944: The Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany.
• 1944: The uprising at Auschwitz extermination camp.
• 1944–1947: A Communist-friendly government was installed in Bulgaria following a coup d'état and the Soviet invasion.
• 1944: Following the liberation of Albania, the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha consolidated its control and declared the People's Republic of Albania in January 1946.
• 1944–1949: The Greek Civil War.
• 1944–1965: The Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union.
• 1945–1949: The Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch after their independence from Japan. Led by Soekarno, Hatta, Tan Malaka, etc. with the Dutch led by Van Mook.
• 1945: The Prague uprising against German occupation during World War II.
• 1945: The August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule.
• 1945: A democratic revolution in Venezuela, led by Rómulo Betancourt.
• 1946: The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny takes place in Bombay, and spreads to different parts of British India, demanding Indian independence.
• 1947: Three months after an abortive coup, civil war broke out in Paraguay. The rebellion was crushed by the government of dictator Higinio Morínigo.
• 1946–1951: The Telengana Rebellion: a Communist-led peasant revolt in Hyderabad State, India.
• 1947–1952: In the Albanian Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and Britain deployed exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists in a failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled Albania.
• 1947: The 228 Massacre occurred following discontent and resentment of the native Taiwanese under the early rule of the KMT of the island.
• 1948: The Costa Rican Civil War precipitated by the vote of the Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government representatives, to annul the results of the presidential election of 1948.
• 1948: Following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges of "feudalism.".
• 1948–1960: The Malayan Emergency.
• 1949: The Communist-led Chinese Revolution under chairman Mao overthrows the ruling Nationalist Party and establishes the People's Republic of China.

[edit] 1950–1959

• 1950: The Jayuya revolt in Puerto Rico, explosion in the Blair House, and shooting at Congress, all looking for Puerto Rican independence.
• 1954–1962: The Algerian War of Independence: a revolutionary war of independence against French colonialism.
• 1950s: The Mau Mau Uprising.
• 1952: A popular revolution in Bolivia led by Víctor Paz Estenssoro and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) initiates a period of multiparty democracy lasting until a 1964 military coup.
• 1952: The Rosewater Revolution in Lebanon.
• 1953: The Vorkuta uprising was a major uprising of the Gulag inmates in Vorkuta in the summer of 1953. Like other camp uprisings it was bloodily quelled by the Red Army and the NKVD.^[12]
• 1954: The Kengir uprising in the Soviet prison labor camp Kengir.
• 1954: The Uyghur uprising against Chinese rule in Hotan.
• 1955–1960: The Guerrilla war against British colonial rule of Cyprus led by the EOKA (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).
• 1955–1972: The First Sudanese Civil War was a conflict between the northern part of Sudan and a south that demanded more regional autonomy.
• 1955–1970: The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) engages in a guerrilla struggle against French colonialism in the French Cameroons. In 1955 the UPC was for all practical purposes banned, and in 1960 Cameroon achieved independence under the conservative government of President Ahmadou Ahidjo. After the gradual assassinations of many of its top leaders and the proclamation of a one-party state in 1966, the last significant remnants of the insurgency were extinguished in 1970. The UPC, unlike many other guerrilla organizations throughout Africa, never achieved state power.
• 1956–1959: The Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro removes the government of General Fulgencio Batista. By 1962 Cuba had been transformed into a declared socialist republic.
• 1956–1962: The Border Campaign led by the Irish Republican Army against the British, along the border of the independent Republic of Ireland and British Northern Ireland.

Cuban guerilla fighters led by Fidel Castro in the Sierra Maestra mountains during the Cuban Revolution of 1956–59.

• 1956: The Hungarian Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary.
• 1956: The Tibetan rebellions against Chinese rule broke out in Amdo and Kham.
• 1958: A popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez culminates in a civic-military coup d'état.
• 1958: The Iraqi Revolution led by nationalist soldiers abolishes the British-backed monarchy, executes many of its top officials, and begins to assert the country's independence from both Cold War power blocs.
• 1959: The failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule led to the flight of the Dalai Lama.
• 1959: The Tutsi king of Rwanda is forced into exile by Hutu extremists; racial pogroms follow an assassination attempt on Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda.

[edit] 1960–1969

• 1961–1991: The Eritrean War of Independence led by Isaias Afewerki against Ethiopia.
• 1961–1975: Angolan Marxists and other radicals grouped in the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) begin guerrilla attacks on Portuguese infrastructure. With extensive military assistance from Cuba, the MPLA is able to outmaneuver two rival organizations and establish control of Luanda in time for independence on November 11, 1975. Civil war between the MPLA government and the anti-communist UNITA continued on-and-off until 2002, when UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi was killed.
• 1962–1974: The leftist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in Lisbon.
• 1962: The military coup of 1962 in Burma, led by General Ne Win, who became the country's strongman.
• 1962: A revolution in northern Yemen overthrew the imam and established the Yemen Arab Republic.
• 1963–1967: The Aden Emergency: nationalists in British-ruled Aden, with an eye on recent events in North Yemen and in Palestine, declared war on the British under the umbrella of the National Liberation Front (NLF). The UK handed over control to an independent South Yemen in November 1967. In 1969, the moderate president Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi was edged out in favor of more radical socialists, who convoked a constituent assembly and began to develop the state along Marxist-Leninist lines. The result was the only Communist state in the Arab world, and the first in a Muslim country.
• 1964: Following an American school's provocative decision to raise only the flag of the United States, Panamanian students marched into the Panama Canal Zone with the flag of Panama. After the latter flag was torn, thousands more become involved, starting huge riots that lasted three days. About 20 people were killed and hundreds more injured.
• 1964: The Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declared the People's Republic of Zanzibar, and began the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika.
• 1964–1979: The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga or the Liberation Struggle, was a guerrilla war which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and led to universal suffrage, the end of white-rule in Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and the creation of the Republic of Zimbabwe.
• 1964: The October Revolution in Sudan, driven by a general strike and rioting, forced President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government, and eventually to resign.
• 1964–1975: The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commenced a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism. Independence was granted on June 25, 1975; however, the Mozambican Civil War complicated the political situation and frustrated FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state ideology.
• 1964–present: The Colombian Armed Conflict.
• 1965: The March Intifada in Bahrain: a Leftist uprising demanding an end to the British presence in Bahrain.
• 1966: Kwame Nkrumah is removed from power in Ghana by coup d'état.
• 1966–1993: A guerrilla warfare was conducted against the repressive government of François Tombalbaye from the Sudan-based group FROLINAT. After the killing of field commander Ibrahim Abatcha in 1968, the movement jettisoned its socialist rhetoric and split into irreconcilable factions that often fought among themselves. Tombalbaye was brought down and executed in a 1975 military coup, and in 1979 the FROLINAT factions established the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT). This experiment lasted until 1982, when a FROLINAT splinter, led by Hissène Habré, took control of N'Djamena. Supporters of marginalized GUNT president Goukouni Oueddei held out for a few years at Bardaï, but the group eventually dissolved; but a new formation, the MPS, continued the civil war and brought to power in 1990 Idriss Déby.
• 1966–1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force was recreated by militant Protestant British loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army and the Roman Catholic community at large.
• 1967–1968 Iraqi communists launched an insurgency in southern Iraq.^[13]
• 1967–1970: Biafra: The former eastern Nigeria unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic of Biafra, after the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
• 1967: The Naxalite Movement begins in India, led by the AICCCR.
• 1967: Anguillans resentful of Kittitian domination of the island expelled the Kittitian police and declared independence from the British colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. British forces retook the island in 1969 and made Anguilla a separate dependency in 1980. There was no bloodshed in the entire episode.
• 1968: The revolution in the Republic of Congo.
• 1968: Student protests and riots in Egypt in the wake of the Six-Day War lead to the ratification of the March 30 Program to deepen democratic processes.
• 1968: The May 1968 revolt: students' and workers' revolt against the government of Charles de Gaulle in France.
• 1968: A coup by Juan Velasco Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic reforms.
• 1968: A failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state culminates in the Prague Spring.
• 1969–1998: The Troubles: the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries waged an armed campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to bring about a United Ireland.
• 1969: A mass movement of workers, students, and peasants in Pakistan forced the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan.
• 1969: The overthrow of the pro-Western monarchy by Arab nationalist military officers in Libya.
• 1969: Somalia's multiparty system supplanted by a military socialist government under Siad Barre.

[edit] 1970–1979

• 1970: A rebellion in Guinea by what its government identified as Portuguese agents.
• 1971: The Bangladesh Liberation War led by the Mukti Bahini establishes the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh.
• 1972: A revolution in Benin.
• 1972: A military-led revolution against the civilian government of President Philibert Tsiranana in the Malagasy Republic; a Marxist faction takes power in 1975 under Didier Ratsiraka, modeled on the North Korean juche theory developed by Kim Il Sung.
• 1973: Mohammad Daud overthrows the monarchy and establishes a republic in Afghanistan.
• 1973: Worker-student demonstrations in Thailand force dictator Thanom Kittikachorn and two close associates to flee the country, beginning a short period of democratic constitutional rule.
• 1974: A revolution in Ethiopia.
• 1974: The Carnation Revolution overthrows of right-wing dictatorship in Portugal.
• 1975: A revolution in Cambodia.
• 1975: A revolution in Laos overthrows the monarchy by guerrilla forces of the Pathet Lao.
• 1975: 15 August, coup led by young military officers and the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Bangladesh.
• 1975: A revolution in Cape Verde.
• 1975: Coup led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil in Bangladesh to depose President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. Three days later a counter-coup by Colonel Abu Taher puts Ziaur Rahman in power.
• 1976: Student demonstrations and election-related violence in Thailand lead police to open fire on a sit-in at Thammasat University, killing hundreds. The military seizes power the next day, ending constitutional rule.
• 1977: The Market Women's Revolt in Guinea leads to a lessening of the state's role in the economy.
• 1978: The Saur Revolution led by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposes and kills President Mohammad Daud.
• 1979: The dictatorship of Eric Gairy overthrown by the New Jewel Movement in Grenada.
• 1979: The popular overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship by progressive/Marxist Nicaraguan Revolution.
• 1979: The Iranian Revolution overthrows the U.S.-backed Shah, resulting in the formation of Islamic republic of Iran.
• 1979: Cambodia is liberated from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party.

[edit] 1980–1989

• 1980: The Santo Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides. The primary nationalist leader, Father Walter Lini, favored Cold War nonalignment and opposed nuclear weapons in the Pacific. The French resident, Jean-Jacques Robert, who feared that an independent Vanuatu would provide inspiration to similar movements in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, collaborated with an uprising led by Jimmy Stevens' Nagriamel movement in Espiritu Santo. With logistical help and training from supporters of the Phoenix Foundation of the United States, Stevens declared independence as the State of Vemerana. The Nagriamel society had decisively lost elections to the territorial assembly in 1975 and 1979, which revealed its lack of a mass base of support. The revolt was put down by the Vanuatu Mobile Force and Papua New Guinean troops soon after independence was granted on July 30, 1980.^[14]
• 1980–2000: The Communist Party of Peru launched the internal conflict in Peru.
• 1981: Assassination of Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh sparks protests and riots.
• 1982: General Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes power through a bloodless coup, deposing president Abdus Sattar in Bangladesh.
• 1983: Overthrow of the ruling Conseil de Salut du peuple (CSP) by Marxist forces led by Thomas Sankara in Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso in the following year.
• 1983–2005: The Second Sudanese Civil War was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War, and one of the longest lasting and deadliest wars of the later 20th century.
• 1984–1985: Pro-independence FLNKS forces in New Caledonia revolt following an election boycott and occupy the town of Thio from November 1984 to January 1985. Thio is retaken by the French after the assassination of Éloi Machoro, the security minister in the FLNKS provisional government and the primary leader of the occupation.^[15]
• 1985: Soviet and Afghanistan P.O.W. rose against their captors at Badaber base.
• 1986: The People Power Revolution peacefully overthrows Ferdinand Marcos after his two decade rule in the Philippines.
• 1987–1991: The First Intifada, or the Palestinian uprising, a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis.
• 1988–1991: The Pan-Armenian National Movement frees Armenia from Soviet rule.
• 1988: The 8888 Uprising In Burma or Myanmar.
• 1989: The Singing Revolution, bloodless overthrow of communist rule in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
• 1989: The violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela. In the next few years, there are two attempted coups and President Carlos Andrés Pérez is impeached.
• 1989: The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between 15 April and 4 June 1989.
• 1989: The bloodless Velvet Revolution overthrows the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
• 1989: The Romanian Revolution violently overthrows the communist state in Romania.

[edit] 1990–1999

• 1990–1995: The Log Revolution in Croatia starts, triggering the Croatian War of Independence.
• 1990–1995: The First Tuareg Rebellion in Niger and Mali.
• 1991: The Kurdish uprising against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in Iraqi Kurdistan.
• 1991: The Shiite Uprising in Karbala, Iraq.
• 1992–1995: Bosnian War of Independence.
• 1992: An Afghan uprising against the Taliban by United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, or the Northern Alliance.
• 1994: The 1990s Uprising in Bahrain, Shiite-led rebellion for the restoration of democracy in Bahrain.
• 1994: The Zapatista Rebellion: an uprising in the Mexican state of Chiapas demanding equal rights for indigenous peoples and in opposition to growing neoliberalism in North America.
• 1994–1996: The First Chechen Rebellion against Russia.
• 1996: An Islamic movement in Afghanistan led by the Taliban established Taliban rule.
• 1997–1999: The Kosovo Rebellion against Yugoslavia.
• 1998: The election in Venezuela of socialist leader Hugo Chávez is called the Bolivarian Revolution.
• 1998: The Indonesian Revolution of 1998 resulted the resignation of President Suharto after three decades of the New Order period.
• 1999–present: The Second Chechen Rebellion against Russia.

[edit] 2000–present

• 2000–present: The Second Intifada a continuation of the First Intifada. The wave of violence that began in September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis.
• 2000: The bloodless Bulldozer Revolution, first of the four colour revolutions, overthrows Slobodan Milošević's régime in Yugoslavia.
• 2001: The 2001 Macedonia conflict.
• 2001–present: The Taliban insurgency following the 2001 war in Afghanistan which overthrow Taliban rule.
• 2001: The 2001 EDSA Revolution peacefully ousts Philippine President Joseph Estrada after the collapse of his impeachment trial.
• 2001: Supporters of Philippines former president Joseph Estrada violently and unsuccessfully stage a rally, so-called the EDSA Tres, in an attempt of returning him to power.
• 2003: The Rose Revolution, second of the colour revolutions, displaces the president of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze, and calls new elections.
• 2003–present: The Iraqi insurgency refers to the armed resistance by diverse groups within Iraq to the U.S. occupation of Iraq and to the establishment of a liberal democracy therein.
• 2003–present: The Darfur rebellion led by the two major rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the land-tilling Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit ethnic groups.
• 2004–present: The Shi'ite Uprising against the US-led occupation of Iraq.
• 2004: After Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner of a presidential election in Ukraine, the Orange Revolution arose and installed him as president, believing the election to have been fraudulent. This was the third colour revolution.
• 2004: A failed attempt at popular colour-style revolution in Azerbaijan, led by the groups Yox! and Azadlig.
• 2004–present: The Naxalite insurgency in India, led by the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
• 2005: The Cedar Revolution, triggered by the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, asks for the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.
• 2005: The Tulip Revolution (a.k.a. Pink/Yellow Revolution) overthrows the President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, and set new elections. This is the fourth colour revolution.
• 2006–present: 2006 democracy movement in Nepal.
• 2006: The 2006 Oaxaca protests demanding the removal of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, the governor of Oaxaca state in Mexico.
• 2007: The popular uprising against the terrorist organization al-Qa'eda by residents of Anbar Province, Iraq.^[16]
• 2007–present: The Second Tuareg Rebellion in Niger.
• 2007: The Burmese anti-government protests, including the Saffron Revolution of Burmese Buddhist monks.
• 2008: A Shiite uprising in Basra.
• 2007–2008: Anti-government food riots in many countries across the world.^[17][18][19]

[edit] Cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions

A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.

The term revolution is also used to denote trends which have resulted in great social changes outside the political sphere, such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or technology. Many have been global, while others have been limited to single countries. Such revolutions include, in alphabetical order:

• The Agricultural Revolutions, which include:
  • The Neolithic Revolution (perhaps 13000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop. It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
  • The Green Revolution (1945–): The use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increased the world's agricultural output. It is commonly referred to as the 'Second Agricultural Revolution'.
  • The British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanisation and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
  • The Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which led to the Lowland Clearances.
• The Commercial Revolution: A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the sixteenth century until the early eighteenth century.
• The Counterculture of the 1960s (approximately 1960–1973) was a social revolution that originated in the United States and United Kingdom, and eventually spread to other western nations. The themes of this movement included the anti-war movement, rebellion against conservative norms, drug use, and the sexual revolution (see below).
  • The Sexual revolution: A change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s.
• The Cultural Revolution: A struggle for power within the Communist Party of China, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the People's Republic of China to the brink of civil war, and which lasted from 1966 to 1976.
• The Digital Revolution: The sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology, starting from circa 1950 with the creation of the first general-purpose electronic computers.
• The Industrial Revolution: The major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world.
  • The Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914).
• The Price revolution: A series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe.
• The Quiet Revolution: A period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada, in the 1960s. This leads to the separatist movement for Quebec sovereignty and two referendums.
• The Scientific revolution: A fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century.
• The Upper Paleolithic Revolution: The emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regionally distinct cultures.

[edit] References

[edit] See also