Constantine Simonides

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Constantine Simonides (1820-1867), palaeographer, dealer of icons, man with extensive learning, knowledge of manuscripts, miraculous calligraphy. He surpassed his contemporaries in literary ability. According to opinion of paleographers, he was the most versatile forger of the nineteenth century.

Contents 1 Life 2 The Artemidorus Papyrus 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links

[edit] Life

He was born on the small Greek island of Symi, on the coast of the Aegean Sea in 1820 (or in 1824), and died in Egypt (on account of leprosy).

Simonides lived in the monasteries on Mount Athos between 1839 and 1841 and again in 1852, during which time he acquired some of the biblical manuscripts that he later sold. He produced a lot of manuscripts ascribed to Hellenistic and early Byzantine periods. He forged a number of documents and manuscripts and claimed they were the originals of the Gospel of Mark, as well as original manuscripts of poems of Homer. He sold some of these forgeries to the King of Greece. Greek scholars exposed his forgeries quickly and he left Greece and traveled from country to country with his forgeries. He visited England between 1853 and 1855 and other European countries, and his literary activity was extraordinary.^[1] Some of his works were published in Moscow, Odessa, in England,^[2] and in Germany. He also wrote many other works which were never published.

From 1843 until 1856 in all over Europe he offered for sale fraudulent manuscripts purporting to be of ancient origin. He created "a considerable sensation by producing quantities of Greek manuscripts professing to be of fabulous antiquity – such as a Homer in an almost prehistoric style of writing, a lost Egyptian historian, a copy of St. Matthew's Gospel on papyrus, written fifteen years after the Ascension (!), and other portions of the New Testament dating from the first century.” ^[3] On 13 September 1862, in an article of The Guardian, he claimed that he is the real author of the Codex Sinaiticus and that he wrote it in 1839. According to him it was ‘the one poor work of his youth’. According to Simonides, he visited Sinai in 1852 and saw the codex. Henry Bradshaw, a scholar, exposed the absurdity of his claims.

Simonides questioned many of official scientific positions accepted by scholars. He did not respect any scholars. He interpreted Egyptian hieroglyphics in different ways than Champolion and other Egyptologists. He tried to proof that his method of interpreting Egyptian hieroglyphics was superior. He placed the death of Irenaeus at 292 (c. 130 – c. 200). Also, in many other complicated questions he had his own, usually controversial, point of view, but after ascribing the authorship of the Codex Sinaiticus to himself, the rest of his credibility was destroyed.

[edit] The Artemidorus Papyrus

In 2006 a papyrus book-roll was exhibited at Turin which appeared to be part of Book II of the lost Geographical Descriptions of Artemidorus of Ephesus. It was exhibited again in Berlin in 2008. It has been argued by Professor Luciano Canfora that the manuscript is the work of Constantine Simonides^[4].

[edit] See also

Some of very few authentic manuscripts which were bought from Constantine Simonides

• Minuscule 110
• Minuscule 2793

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• "Miscellanies", The Journal of Sacred Literature, ed. Harris Cowper, Vol. II, Edinbourgh 1863, pp. 248-253.

[edit] External links

• Georgios Makris: Constantine Simonides. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). (German)
• Beschreibung Simonides’ Tätigkeit für eine Ausstellung des Papyrusmuseums der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek* ‘‘Christianity’’, pp. 1888-1890.
• Forging ahead
• A Collection of Forgeries and Hoaxes
• Rassegna stampa sul portale Archaeogate