Devolution (biological fallacy)
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In common parlance, "de-evolution", "devolution", or backward evolution is the notion the species generally evolve into more "primitive" forms by losing adaptations no longer necessary in a new environment. According to this view, changes from one biome to another may usher in pressures to weed out an obsolete function which is no longer useful for survival after the transition, and that the probability of losing a organic function in a new biome, via the conventional evolutionary pressures to "evolve", is more frequent and explainable than the synthesis of a new organic function. The scientific evidence for modern evolutionary synthesis has disproved the idea of "devolution".[1]
The popularized connotation of the word "evolution" leads many to misunderstand Darwin's theory of evolution in thinking that "evolution" requires some sort of "increasing complexity".[2] Yet the Darwinian theory of evolution does not reject the possibility of decreasing complexity (c.f. vestigiality) as the basis for some evolutionary change. Early scientific theories of the history of life on earth tried to account for species diversity as a result of acquisitions of various adaptations to the environment, and these included Lamarckism and orthogenesis. However, modern genetically-based biological evolution theory asserts that evolution occurs by non-teleological mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation; hence "devolution", Larmarckism, and orthogenesis are rejected by modern evolutionary synthesis.
The field of biology that supports the mainstream views of the history of life is known as evolutionary developmental biology, and is often confused with "devolution" as a result of its informal name counterpart, "evo-devo".
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[edit] Misconceptions about evolution
The following misconceptions relate to devolution:[2]
- Species evolve because they need to in order to adapt to environmental changes.
Biologists refer to this misconception as teleology, the idea of intrinsic finality that things are "supposed" to be and behave a certain way, and naturally tend to act that way to pursue their own good. The fossil record demonstrates that roughly ninety-nine percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct, so from a biological viewpoint, when species evolve it is not a reaction to necessity, but rather that the population contains variations with traits that favour their natural selection.
- Evolution means progress to more advanced organisms.
This presumes that there is somehow a preferred hierarchy of structure and function, for example that "feet are better than hooves" or "lungs are better than gills", and can lead to the idea that change to "less advanced" structure can be called "devolution". To biologists this is an aspect of teleology, the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature. A biologist sees all such changes as evolution, since for the organisms possessing the changed structures, each is a useful adaptation to their circumstances. For example, hooves have advantages for running quickly on plains, which benefits horses, and feet have advantages in climbing trees, which ancestors of humans did.
- Humans are the ultimate product or goal of evolution.
This belief is related to anthropocentrism, the idea that human existence is the point of all universal existence and is a variation on the idea of "progress".
- Increasing complexity is the necessary outcome of evolution.
Biologists studying the evolution of complexity find evidence of many examples of decreasing complexity in the record of evolution. The lower jaw in fish, reptiles and mammals has seen a decrease in complexity, if measured by the number of bones. Ancestors of modern horses had several toes on each foot; modern horses have a single hoofed toe. Modern humans may be evolving towards never having wisdom teeth, and already have lost the tail found in many other mammals - not to mention other vestigial structures, such as the vermiform appendix or the nictitating membrane. Darwin himself, in Origin of Species, mentions that complexity isn't necessarily always a good thing, and that, as an example, healing tends to be faster and easier in simple organisms than in complex ones, giving the former an advantage.
- Individuals evolve.
Evolution is a process that occurs in populations. It is a mistake akin to the Fallacy of division to use a term like evolution, which properly describes what happens to a collective (such as a Species), to what happens to an individual. Moreover, an evolutionary change is a change in the genetics of a population, not something that is acquired or lost when something happens to a member of the collective.
[edit] Use of the term by opponents of evolution
As with other modern sciences, biology is based on a methodological assumption of philosophical naturalism to study and explain the natural world, without assuming the existence or nonexistence of the supernatural. In contrast, creationism and intelligent design are based on teleology in seeking to prove the existence of an organizing principle behind natural laws and phenomena. Opponents of evolution use the teleological argument for the existence of God, and seek to displace evolution as the central organizing concept in biology. To do so, some redefine "evolution" in their terms, and introduce "devolution" to show that evolution theory is incorrect.
Examples include Mastropaulo,[3] who argues that "Change over time, 'definition one' of evolution, actually describes devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution.... actual epidemiological data from human genetic disorders and fatal birth defects, identify 'natural selection,' the alleged 'primary mechanism' for evolution, as actually a mechanism for devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution." and elsewhere,[4] "Evolution is the development of an organism from its chemicals or primitive state to its present state. Devolution is the sequence toward greater simplicity or disappearance or degeneration."
The term has been used in the play Inherit the Wind, the character of Matthew Brady (representative of William Jennings Bryan) using the term to argue that "ape devolved from man", mocking evolutionary theory by offering an alternative he considers just as plausible. In fact, the suggestion of ape degenerating from "man" was brought up by the early young-earth creationist George McReady Price in a work published before the Scopes Trial:
Accordingly, by every just rule of comparison and analogy, we may well declare that if there is any blood relationship between man and the anthropoid apes, it is the latter which have degenerated from the former, instead of the former having developed from the latter. I do not say that this is the true solution of this enigma; but I do say that there is far more scientific evidence in favour of this hypothesis than there ever has been in favour of the long popular theory than man is a developed animal.
—[5]
The term was also popularized in the late 1970s by the musical group Devo (see Early Years), where it was used (initially) jokingly as a theme by members Gerald Casale and Bob Lewis.
[edit] Streamlining evolution
"Devolution", the verb "devolve" and the past participle "devolved" are all common terms in science fiction for changes over time in populations of living things that make them less complex and remove some of their former adaptations. The terminology used herein is nontechnical, but the phenomenon is a real but counter-intuitive one, more accurately known as streamlining evolution. Since the development and maintenance of a feature such as an organ or a metabolite has an opportunity cost, changes in the environment that reduce the utility of an adaptation may mean that a higher evolutionary fitness is achieved by no longer using the adaptation, thus better using resources. This requires a mutation that inactivates one or more genes, perhaps by a change to DNA methylation or a methionine codon. Streamlining evolution allows evolution to remove features no longer of much/any use, like scaffolding on a completed bridge.
However, "devolution" in practice typically refers to changes that occur from a problem no longer existing rather than superior solutions existing. For instance, of the several hundred known species of animal that live their entire lives in total darkness, most have non-functional eyes rather than no eyes. This is due, for instance, to deterioration of the optic nerve. It occurs because mutations that prevent eye formation have low probability. However, several eyeless animal species, such as the Kauai cave wolf spider, who live in total darkness, and whose ancestry mostly had eyes, do exist. Together with gene duplication, streamlining evolution makes evolution surprisingly able to produce radical changes, despite being limited to successive, slight modifications.
[edit] Devolution in popular fiction
- The title of the band Devo derives from the word devolution.
- The 1987 G.I. Joe animated movie features Cobra-la spores that can de-evolve humans to simpler organisms, such as proto-humans.
- The film Super Mario Bros. features a gun device that can de-evolve a human from chimp to dinosaur. It also features a machine that can increase or decrease a person's evolution IQ.
- In a music video for the song "Evolution", by Korn, it posits that scientists deny that humans are devolving, and shows them favoring a path that is more convenient to their thoughts. It suggests that the average number of children born to high IQ families is 1.5 child and that the average number for low IQ families is 5 children.
- In the movie Altered States, a scientist experiments with sensory deprivation and psychotropic substances in order to discover an "earlier consciousness" from the beginning of human evolution from apes, which he believes lies somewhere in the limbic system. As a result of these experiments, his biological form gradually devolves.
- In the 2006 movie Idiocracy the world has degenerated into a dystopia where advertising, commercialism, and cultural anti-intellectualism run rampant and dysgenic pressure has resulted in a uniformly stupid human society.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes and citations
- ^ TalkOrigins Archive response to Creationist claims - Claim CB932: Evolution of degenerate forms
- ^ a b Michael J. Dougherty. Is the human race evolving or devolving? Scientific American July 20, 1998.
- ^ http://www.csulb.edu/~jmastrop/data3.html Biology vs Evolution, Joseph Mastropaolo, Ph.D., Creation Research Society Quarterly 38: 151-158, 2001
- ^ Biology Eliminates Evolution and Confirms Genesis (pdf) (google cache [1])
- ^ George McReady Price, The Phantom of Organic Evolution, New York: New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1924, reprinted in Selected Works of George McCready Price, ed. Ronald L. Numbers, New York: Garland Publishing, 1995, ISBN 0-8153-1808-1. volume 7 of the series Creationism in Twentieth Century America. Chapter IX Section V, page 210-211 (pages 446-447 of reprint). Italics in original.
